Student Loans

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The Public Service Loan Forgiveness (PSLF) Buyback program lets you earn forgiveness credits for months you didn’t pay due to forbearance or deferment, which can help you get loan forgiveness faster. You must make a payment equal to what you would’ve owed on an income-driven repayment (IDR) plan at the time of your missed bills to get credit, but you should wait until the IDR account adjustment program is over before considering the Buyback program.

For example, if you spent three months in deferment in 2015, and your monthly bill at the time was $100, you could owe $300 through the buyback.

Without the buyback, you typically don’t earn PSLF credit for months your student loans were in forbearance and deferment. (One key exception: if you worked a qualifying public service job during the three-year pandemic payment pause, you still earned forgiveness credit toward PSLF, even if you didn’t make payments.)

The Education Department introduced the PSLF Buyback in the fall of 2023. It applies to missed payments as far back as October 2007, when PSLF was established.

In mid-August, the department also advised borrowers who reach PSLF’s 10-year threshold during the ongoing SAVE lawsuit forbearance to use the PSLF Buyback.

PSLF Buyback requirements

The PSLF Buyback has strict qualification requirements. You may be eligible for the PSLF Buyback if all of the following are true:

  • You have an outstanding balance on your federal Direct student loans.

  • You worked a public service job for at least 10 years. 

  • You held a qualifying public service job during the months when you didn’t get PSLF credit due to periods of forbearance or deferment.

  • Buying back these months will complete your total of 120 qualifying PSLF payments.

To check if you still have an outstanding loan balance, log into your studentaid.gov account. On your main dashboard, you’ll see a “My Aid” section, which says how much you may still owe.

Next, check if you have past forbearance or deferment periods eligible for the buyback. In the top right corner of the “My Aid” section, select the blue “View Details” button. Scroll down to the “Loan Breakdown” section, select ‘View Loans,” then “View Loan Details.” Under “Loan Status,” select “View loan status history.”

You should also confirm that you’ve reported all periods of public service employment by using the government’s PSLF Help Tool.

How do I apply for the PSLF Buyback?

You must submit an online PSLF reconsideration form. Include the this exact wording in your request:

“I have at least 120 months of approved qualifying employment, and I am seeking PSLF or TEPSLF discharge through PSLF buyback. Please assess my eligibility for PSLF buyback.”

If you don’t include that statement, your submission won’t be processed as a PSLF Buyback request.

Next, the Education Department will evaluate your buyback eligibility. If the department approves, it will email you a buyback agreement. This agreement will include the amount you must pay and instructions for how to submit your payment. Your payment is due in full within 90 days of receiving the email from the Education Department.

You must continue to make any monthly payments that are due while your application is pending. You can get a refund for overpayments if your buyback is approved.

How will my PSLF Buyback payment amount be calculated?

The Education Department will calculate your buyback bill based on what you may have owed at the time of your forbearance or deferment.

If you were on an IDR plan immediately before or after your missed payment period, you’ll pay an amount equal to the smaller of those two monthly bills.

If you were not on an IDR plan immediately before or after your missed payment period, your buyback bill will reflect the smallest possible student loan bill you could’ve had at the time, based on your income and family size back then:

  • For most borrowers in this situation, your payment may be based on the most affordable IDR plan available at the time.

  • If the standard 10-year repayment plan would’ve given you a smaller bill than an IDR plan at the time, you’ll pay the standard plan amount. 

  • If you had little or no income at the time and would’ve qualified for a $0 payment under an IDR plan, you won’t owe anything to get buyback credit. The forgiveness will be automatically processed when you receive the buyback agreement.

The government may request past tax records to calculate your payment.

PSLF credit during the SAVE forbearance: Use buyback instead of making optional payments

You won’t automatically earn PSLF credit during the forbearance this time — even if you continue to make optional payments. It’s not clear if you’ll automatically get this credit retroactively, either. The Education Department has not guaranteed that after the forbearance period ends, it will go back and count any optional payments you made toward PSLF.

However, the PSLF Buyback is one of two possible workarounds you can use to retroactively get PSLF credit during the SAVE forbearance, according to the latest Education Department guidance.

You must meet the typical PSLF Buyback requirements. The buyback is a good option for borrowers who recently hit their 120 months of eligible employment, or those who will do so during the ongoing forbearance. You must submit a buyback request and make an extra payment of at least the amount you would have owed under an IDR plan during the months you want to buy back.

Your second option: switch to one of the other three IDR plans. Lawsuits are not blocking PAYE, Income-Based Repayment and Income-Contingent Repayment, so enrolled borrowers can still earn PSLF credit. However, the online IDR application is closed as of mid-August, so you’ll need to submit a paper application to your servicer. Prepare to wait months before you’re moved to the new IDR plan — application processing is also temporarily on hold.

Wait until the IDR account adjustment is over

Don’t jump on the PSLF Buyback train until the IDR account adjustment hits your account. The IDR account adjustment program is giving millions of borrowers forgiveness credit for previous periods of forbearance and deferment, in an effort to fix long-standing flaws in the IDR forgiveness system. The adjustment is scheduled to wrap up by Sept. 1, according to the latest Education Department guidance.

Source: nerdwallet.com

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About 43 million Americans hold federal student loan debt and, for some, paying off that debt can be a burden. Many borrowers have access to programs that can pause or reduce their payments, but a new survey finds some borrowers may be forgoing the proper channels and stopping repayment entirely in hopes of student loan forgiveness.

Nearly one in three (31%) student loan borrowers have slowed the repayment of their loan(s) because they hope to see their loans reduced or forgiven by the federal government, according to a recent NerdWallet survey conducted online by The Harris Poll among more than 600 U.S. adults who currently have student loans. And nearly one in four (23%) have stopped their student loan payments altogether for the same reason.

Notably, the survey didn’t ask whether borrowers who slowed or stopped their repayments did so after entering into forbearance or deferment plans. Further, student loan delinquencies have remained largely unchanged since the COVID-19 payment pause ended last October, according to data from the New York Fed. This is likely due to a one-year “on-ramp” grace period set to expire Sept. 30, during which the Department of Education is not reporting any borrowers who miss payments as delinquent.

A worry for borrowers, and a top election issue

Despite the Supreme Court blocking the Biden Administration’s broad plan to cut up to $20,000 in student loan debt per eligible borrower last June, the White House has forgiven roughly $168.5 billion over the last four years, largely through existing forgiveness programs like Public Service Loan Forgiveness and income-driven repayment plans. The president’s current “plan B” student loan forgiveness plan would reduce or eliminate loan debt for a more targeted group of individuals.

There’s no guarantee this plan or anything resembling it will go into effect. Just as legal challenges derailed the administration’s first, broader push for debt relief, lawsuits could force the administration or its successor to further scale back this set of proposals. This fall’s elections could also determine how debt relief proceeds — if at all.

Borrowers seem to have taken note.

A quarter (25%) say they are concerned recent student loan forgiveness efforts will be reversed by the courts. And more than one in five (22%) say that student loan forgiveness is one of the most important issues when choosing a presidential candidate.

Not paying student loans can hurt you

There are consequences if you fail to keep up with your student loan payments.

If you have federal student loans, loans become delinquent as soon as you miss a payment. Loan servicers can begin charging late fees 30 days after that. After three months, servicers may begin reporting the debt to credit reporting agencies, dragging down your credit score. Eventually, student loans enter default and your loan holder will be able to garnish your wages and withhold tax refunds and Social Security payments from you.

The default process happens even faster for student loans held by private lenders.

Pick the repayment plan that’s right for you

While the repercussions of not paying student loans can be serious, the good news is you have several repayment options for federal student loans. (Private student loan repayment options vary by lender.) Use the Education Department’s loan simulator to estimate your monthly bills and overall repayment journey under different repayment plans.

Standard repayment: Under this plan, you’ll pay the same amount each month for a decade. This is generally the fastest way to pay loans off, and therefore you may pay less total interest. You’re placed into this plan by default when repayment begins.

Income-driven repayment: If payments under standard repayment seem too high, you can apply for income-driven repayment (IDR). Under IDR plans, you’ll pay a portion (usually 10-20%) of your discretionary income each month for a set period of time (usually 20-25 years), after which your remaining debt will be forgiven.

Graduated payment: Consider the graduated payment plan if an IDR plan isn’t a good fit, but you want to lower your monthly bill right now. Under this 10-year plan, your payment will start low and increase every two years. The advantage is you’ll be able to free up money in the short term for other needs. The downside is you may end up paying more in interest than under the standard repayment plan.

Extended repayment: If you owe more than $30,000 in loans, you can apply for the extended repayment plan. This plan gives you up to 25 years to repay your loans and you can choose to pay the same amount each month or a gradually increasing amount as under the graduated plan.

Borrowers seem to be taking advantage of these options, as a third (33%) say they’ve changed their student loan repayment plan in order to make their payments more manageable, according to the recent survey.

Before defaulting on your loans, consider deferment, forbearance or an IDR plan

If you simply can’t afford to make any student loan payments right now, you still have options: namely, deferment and forbearance. More than a quarter (27%) of student loan borrowers have used one or both of these programs to pause their federal loan payments, according to the survey.

Both pause your payments and protect your credit from taking the hit it otherwise would if you simply stopped making payments. But the similarities end there.

First, look into deferment. Under deferment, interest does not accrue on your subsidized federal student or Perkins loans while payments are paused (interest will continue to accrue on unsubsidized federal or private student loans).

You must meet a qualifying life event in order to qualify for deferment. Qualifying events include attending school at least half time, being active duty military or in the Peace Corps, experiencing unemployment or earning less than 150% of your state’s poverty guidelines, receiving some forms of public assistance or undergoing cancer treatment.

If you don’t qualify for deferment, consider forbearance. Under forbearance, interest will continue to accrue on your loans (whether federal student loans or private loans) while repayment is paused, and you’ll be limited to a 12-month break from payments.

An income-driven repayment plan can also help you manage payments. If you’ve lost your income, or you earn under a certain threshold, you may qualify for $0 payments under an IDR plan — and you’ll still make progress towards IDR forgiveness while making these $0 payments. Even if you don’t qualify for $0 payments, IDR plans can lower your bills to a more manageable level.

METHODOLOGY

This survey was conducted online within the United States by The Harris Poll on behalf of NerdWallet from July 16-18, 2024 among 2,076 U.S. adults ages 18 and older, among whom 625 have student loans. The sampling precision of Harris online polls is measured by using a Bayesian credible interval. For this study, the sample data is accurate to within +/- 2.5 percentage points using a 95% confidence level. This credible interval will be wider among subsets of the surveyed population of interest. For complete survey methodology, including weighting variables and subgroup sample sizes, please contact [email protected].

Disclaimer

NerdWallet disclaims, expressly and impliedly, all warranties of any kind, including those of merchantability and fitness for a particular purpose or whether the article’s information is accurate, reliable or free of errors. Use or reliance on this information is at your own risk, and its completeness and accuracy are not guaranteed. The contents in this article should not be relied upon or associated with the future performance of NerdWallet or any of its affiliates or subsidiaries. Statements that are not historical facts are forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties as indicated by words such as “believes,” “expects,” “estimates,” “may,” “will,” “should” or “anticipates” or similar expressions. These forward-looking statements may materially differ from NerdWallet’s presentation of information to analysts and its actual operational and financial results.

Source: nerdwallet.com

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The question of how student loan forgiveness would be funded doesn’t have a clear-cut answer, and ideas about how it would be paid for can be heavily influenced by a person’s political leanings. One recent survey found that the majority of Democrats support canceling some or all student debt, while most Republicans oppose any cancelation. Read on to learn more about this important issue.

Who Pays for Student Loan Forgiveness?

There’s no easy answer in terms of how plans to cut student debt would be funded. Government finance is complex. Typically, the federal government would need to foot the bill for student loan forgiveness, and the government would have two options to pay for it: cut spending or raise taxes. Making the situation more complicated is the fact that forgiven loans may have already earned a profit, which could make reconciling the impact of writing off this debt even harder.

In addition, viewpoints on student loan debt are often divided by political affiliation. Democrats are more likely to support debt cancellation and hold the government and lenders responsible for the high levels of student debt. Republicans, on the other hand, usually are against the idea of student loan forgiveness and often feel the borrowers themselves should shoulder some of the blame for the situation.

Spending Cuts and/or Higher Taxes

If some or all student loans were to be forgiven, here’s a closer look at some potential paths:

•  Cutting spending, which can be challenging. Some financial and legal experts worry that cuts would wind up hurting education resources, such as universal pre-K and higher education initiatives. These could be trimmed to save money.

•  Raising taxes, which could involve increasing individual income tax rates or reducing tax deductions, such as mortgage interest, charitable contributions, medical expenses, IRA contributions, and more. The government could also opt to raise taxes on corporations and the wealthy.

•  A combination plan of the two methods: some tax cuts along with some tax hikes.

Neither Is Necessary

Another point of view to consider: Some pundits say that the cancellation of federal student loan debt won’t cost the government anything. They point to the fact that student loans were paid for by taxpayers when the funds were first disbursed.

They also hold that, over time, payments by borrowers of student loans to the Department of Education have almost been equal to the amount of money loaned out. In that way, they see the situation of forgiving loans as being close to break-even. One review found that the government collected about $85 billion a year in payments on about $95 billion a year in loans paid out. In terms of government spending, they believe forgiveness would not result in a major shortfall.

Proponents of this theory also say that records reveal that the Department of Education has been profiting on student loans over the years, and that gain can also be seen as an asset against which canceled federal loans can be compared.

Obviously, this is a complex issue with many different viewpoints regarding the best path forward.

💡 Quick tip: Some student loan refinance lenders offer no fees, saving borrowers money.

The Current State of Student Loan Forgiveness

It can be helpful to keep in mind the recent events surrounding student loan forgiveness.

•  The Biden administration announced a $441 billion federal student loan debt relief program for borrowers who earned less than $125,000 ($250,000 for married couples) in 2022. This was blocked by the Supreme Court in 2023.

In the wake of this decision, the Biden administration proposed new initiatives in April 2024 to forgive $7.4 billion in student debt, including waiving:

•  Accrued and capitalized interest for certain borrowers

•  Debt for those eligible for the Saving on a Valuable Education (SAVE) Plan, in the event of a closed school discharge, and other forgiveness programs

•  Student loan debt for those who entered loan repayment 20 years ago

•  Debt for those who enrolled in programs or institutions that provided low financial value

•  Debt for those who experience repayment hardship

In May, the U.S. Department of Education announced cancellation of $7.7 billion for certain borrowers under Public Service Loan Forgiveness Program (PSLF) and through the SAVE Plan, which offers borrowers a shortened forgiveness period. However, court orders recently halted the SAVE program after several states sued.

Where Does All the Canceled Debt Go?

It’s hard to say where all the canceled student debt would go, and it’s also difficult to forecast how much forgiving debt would cost the government, if anything. The government would at least have to adjust its revenue projections, even when the original principal has been paid off with interest.

One important note: Canceled student debt can have a positive impact on borrowers. It gives them more disposable income, which they can use in ways that stimulate the economy, from buying more consumer goods to taking out more mortgages.

Will My Taxes Increase if Student Loans Are Forgiven?

Many believe that federal student loan forgiveness, as planned, could transfer debt from borrowers who took out student loans to taxpayers, according to the U.S. House Budget Committee. This is a viewpoint that tends to be held by Republicans who are opposed to forgiveness for various reasons.

The Budget Committee has stated that approximately 87% of adults without student loans will wind up paying for the 13% of borrowers who borrowed for college and 56% of the student loan debt for graduate degree borrowers.

Currently, some estimates say that $1 trillion in federal student loan cancellation would mean an additional $2,500 tax bill for most Americans.

Another angle to consider: If borrowers’ debt is forgiven, it could be taxable. Borrowers would receive IRS Form 1099-C in this instance, and might need advice from a professional tax preparer.

Recommended: Guide to Student Loan Forgiveness

Will Private Student Loans Be Forgiven?

The Biden administration’s student loan forgiveness plans would not cancel private student loans, which come from private companies, including online banks. The forgiveness plans only apply to those with federal student loans, or loans that come from the U.S. Department of Education.

Unlike federal student loans, which borrowers apply for using the Free Application for Federal Student Aid (FAFSA), you can apply directly to the lender for a private loan. Unlike in the case of federal loans, you may need to undergo a credit check and may encounter less flexible repayment plans with private student loans.

However, private loan lenders may offer some benefits that are similar to those of federal student loans, including deferment (when borrowers can temporarily stop making payments and interest may not accrue), forbearance (when borrowers can temporarily stop making payments or make smaller payments and where interest does accrue), or unemployment protection.

It’s wise to check carefully with your lender to find out their exact policies.

Alternative Options for Paying Off Student Loans

Since the future of forgiveness is largely uncertain, borrowers can consider other ways to pay off student loan debt. They can take advantage of several alternative options, including putting extra toward principal, considering other repayment plans, making lump sum payments, and additional methods.

Here are several possible options:

•  Put extra toward the principal: Putting extra cash toward your principal student loan can result in a faster payoff than by simply making your usual monthly payment. Putting an extra $100 toward your principal every month, for example, can make a difference. You will typically not pay prepayment penalties on private or federal loans, which is a charge that penalizes you from paying off your student loans early.

•  Make lump-sum payments: If you have a lump sum, like a tax refund, a bonus, or other windfall money, you can put that toward your debt instead of spending it. If you can find extra money regularly (such as a couple of times a year), that could help you pay off your student loans. A side hustle can also help you make lump-sum payments as well.

You might also consider using the debt snowball method of taking care of your loans, which means you put money toward your smallest loan balance, then progress to larger loan balances after that.

•  Check with your employer: Your employer may offer a student loan repayment benefit. Learn whether your employer will help pay for qualified educational expenses, including your student loan balance.

•  Budget your money: Living on a budget is a great way to ensure you make on-time student loan payments. Though you’re shielded from penalties on late payments through September 2024 through an on-ramp period, it’s still good practice to avoid late payments so you don’t risk default later.

•  Refinance or consolidate student loans: Refinancing means changing one or more loans to private student loans with a new interest rate, term, and monthly payment. Securing a lower interest rate means you’ll pay less interest over time. However, it’s important to be aware that refinancing federal student loans in this way means you will forfeit the right to certain benefits and protections, such as deferment. Also, if you refinance for a longer term, you may well pay more interest over the life of the loan.

•  Consolidating federal student loans: This means pooling one or more federal student loans into a Direct Consolidation Loan with one monthly payment with one interest rate. You may save money over time when you consolidate, but check to be sure.

•  Repayment plans: Several repayment plan options exist for both federal and private student loans. For example, with federal loans, you may look into several income-driven repayment plans, such as the SAVE, Pay As You Earn (PAYE), income-based repayment (IBR), and Income-Contingent Repayment (ICR) plans as repayment options. Check with your loan servicer to determine which makes sense for you, whether you have a mix of federal and private loans or just federal loans.

Recommended: Are Student Loans Forgiven After 20 Years?

The Takeaway

There are different opinions about how federal student loan forgiveness will be paid for, if and when it’s enacted. Viewpoints often align with a person’s political beliefs, with Democrats tending to favor loan cancelation and Republicans being against it.

Regardless of the future of student loan forgiveness, there may still be options to help you manage your student debt, such as budgeting, considering alternate repayment plans, or refinancing.

Looking to lower your monthly student loan payment? Refinancing may be one way to do it — by extending your loan term, getting a lower interest rate than what you currently have, or both. (Please note that refinancing federal loans makes them ineligible for federal forgiveness and protections. Also, lengthening your loan term may mean paying more in interest over the life of the loan.) SoFi student loan refinancing offers flexible terms that fit your budget.

With SoFi, refinancing is fast, easy, and all online. We offer competitive fixed and variable rates.

FAQ

How will student loan forgiveness be funded?

Some experts claim that the government would need to cut spending or raise taxes to fund student loan forgiveness.

What impact will student loan forgiveness have on borrowers?

Pending legal blocks, borrowers could see some of their student loans disappear, providing relief for millions of borrowers. It’s also important to understand that student loan forgiveness may be subject to tax. You’d receive Form 1099-C to document it; consider checking with a tax professional to learn more about how tax applies in your situation.

What are the potential drawbacks of student loan forgiveness?

In addition to the potential for taxpayers to shoulder the debt, other downsides of debt forgiveness might include the forgiven amount being taxed, cuts to government educational spending, and overspending and increased debt for students who find themselves with more disposable income.

Photo credit: iStock/Drazen Zigic

SoFi Student Loan Refinance
If you are a federal student loan borrower, you should consider all of your repayment opportunities including the opportunity to refinance your student loan debt at a lower APR or to extend your term to achieve a lower monthly payment. Please note that once you refinance federal student loans you will no longer be eligible for current or future flexible payment options available to federal loan borrowers, including but not limited to income-based repayment plans or extended repayment plans.

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Non affiliation: SoFi isn’t affiliated with any of the companies highlighted in this article.

Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

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Source: sofi.com

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The 8th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals has blocked the income-driven student loan repayment plan Saving on a Valuable Education (SAVE). As a result, SAVE borrowers won’t owe payments until the legal situation is resolved, which could take months.

Thursday’s ruling was the latest update for borrowers who have endured back-and-forth legal decisions about SAVE since June, resulting from two lawsuits filed by groups of Republican-led states. About 8 million borrowers are enrolled in SAVE, accounting for 1 in 5 student loan borrowers.

“Today’s ruling from the 8th Circuit blocking President Biden’s SAVE plan could have devastating consequences for millions of student loan borrowers crushed by unaffordable monthly payments if it remains in effect,” U.S. Education Secretary Miguel Cardona said in a Thursday evening statement. “It’s shameful that politically motivated lawsuits waged by Republican elected officials are once again standing in the way of lower payments for millions of borrowers.”

Thursday’s legal decision blocks the plan in its entirety, whereas decisions in recent weeks only blocked portions of the plan. However, the decision is also temporary — in place until the court rules on the plaintiffs’ request for a preliminary injunction.

If you’re enrolled in SAVE, here’s what you need to know.

Interest-free forbearance for SAVE borrowers

Of the 8 million federal student loan borrowers enrolled in SAVE, about 4.6 million owe $0 payments based on their income.

If you’re among the 3.4 million SAVE borrowers who do owe monthly payments, you’re off the hook for now. The Education Department is putting all SAVE borrowers into an administrative forbearance indefinitely. Payments won’t be due.

“Borrowers enrolled in the SAVE Plan will be placed in an interest-free forbearance while our administration continues to vigorously defend the SAVE Plan in court. The department will be providing regular updates to borrowers affected by these rulings in the coming days,” Cardona said.

Check that your contact information is up to date in both your studentaid.gov and student loan servicer accounts. This will help you stay informed of key SAVE updates that may impact your repayment.

The Education Department has not yet confirmed if borrowers will get credit toward income-driven repayment (IDR) loan forgiveness or Public Service Loan Forgiveness during this SAVE payment pause, but it’s likely. Borrowers typically get this credit during an administrative forbearance, including a separate July forbearance that applied to some SAVE borrowers.

The department also has not clarified if borrowers can still apply for IDR plans, including SAVE. As of Friday morning, the online IDR application on studentaid.gov/idr was inaccessible. And in a court document filed Wednesday before the plan was struck down, U.S. Solicitor General Elizabeth B. Prelogar said the Education Department would suspend online IDR and loan consolidation applications for six weeks if SAVE was blocked.

How we got here and what could come next

SAVE is more generous than other income-driven repayment (IDR) plans, which the government introduced in the 1990s. For example, SAVE offers lower monthly payments and an interest subsidy that prevents ballooning balances. It also forgives debt in as little as 10 years for those with principal balances up to $12,000, compared to forgiveness in 20 or 25 years on other IDR plans.

Portions of SAVE debuted to borrowers in August 2023. The final benefits of the plan — like capping payments on undergraduate loans at 5% of discretionary income, rather than 10% — were slated to roll out July 1. The Education Department has already forgiven $5.5 billion in student debt for 414,000 SAVE borrowers.

In March, a group of 11 Republican states led by Kansas sued to stop the SAVE plan, alleging that Biden did not have the authority to cancel student debt without congressional approval. In April, a separate group of seven Republican states led by Missouri filed a similar lawsuit.

As a result, two federal judges temporarily blocked different portions of SAVE in late June, days before reduced payments were scheduled to go into effect for millions of borrowers.

One of these rulings was lifted a week later by the 10th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals, allowing lower payments to proceed, but not the accelerated 10-year forgiveness. However, the latest decision by the 8th Circuit on Thursday entirely blocks SAVE until a final decision can be made.

In a post on X, Missouri Attorney General Andrew Bailey called the Thursday decision a “HUGE win for every American who still believes in paying their own way.”

However, removing SAVE could leave borrowers with “intense confusion” and “significant and irreparable harm,” Prelogar said in the Wednesday court filing.

“To revert to the pre-SAVE plan approach, the department and its servicers would have to reprogram their systems, retrain their staff and recalculate monthly payments,” Prelogar said. “It would have to devote considerable staff time and other resources to the reprogramming effort, which would detract from other critical priorities.”

If the 8th Circuit finds the plan illegal and the 10th Circuit does not, these differing opinions could land SAVE in the U.S. Supreme Court, according to the Student Borrower Protection Center. A Republican coalition has already asked the high court to intervene.

Source: nerdwallet.com

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Student loans are often the go-to choice for families who need help paying for a child’s college education. But as you put together your financing plan, you may find there are other options worth considering — including using a home equity line of credit, or HELOC, to cover some college costs.

Both types of borrowing have advantages and disadvantages that may influence your decision to use one or both to pay for school. Read on for a look at student loans vs. HELOCs, and how each can be used to help with your family’s educational and financial goals.

What Is a HELOC?

A home equity line of credit, or HELOC, is a revolving line of credit provided by a private lender and secured with the equity you have in your home.

HELOCs are sometimes confused with home equity loans, but they are not the same thing. Because a HELOC is a line of credit, you pay interest only on the amount of money you’ve actually borrowed. Payments can vary from month to month, and as you replenish the account by making payments, you can borrow from it again. With a lump-sum home equity loan, a borrower receives all the money upfront and pays interest on the entire loan amount from day one.

A HELOC can be used to pay for just about anything — including tuition, books and supplies, housing, transportation, and other college expenses. But because the line of credit is secured with your home, if you fall behind on your payments, you could risk foreclosure. And should you decide to sell your home, you may be required to repay what you currently owe.

Recommended: Different Types of Home Equity Loans

What Are Student Loans?

Student loans allow students and, in some cases, their parents, to borrow money to pay for a college education. Here’s how the two main types of student loans work:

Federal Student Loans

There are a few different types of federal student loans, and each has its own rules when it comes to how much you can borrow and how the money is repaid. But generally, they offer lower interest rates than many other types of loans and include more protections for borrowers, including temporary relief programs in case of financial hardship, and even the potential for loan forgiveness.

To apply for federal student aid, you must submit the Free Application for Federal Student Aid (FAFSA®) form. If you qualify for assistance and accept what’s offered, the school will apply your federal loan funds to your outstanding account charges (tuition, fees, etc.). Whatever is left after that will then be turned over to you to use for other educational costs.

Private Student Loans

Private student loans are issued by nongovernment lenders, such as banks, credit unions, and other financial service companies. Because they aren’t backed by the federal government, these loans do not offer the same repayment options or safety-net protections as federal loans. So, if your family (student and/or parents) qualifies for federal student loans, you’ll probably want to tap those first. However, if you’ve exhausted your federal financial aid and require additional funds, you may find you can get the help you need by borrowing through a private lender.

Key Differences Between a HELOC and Student Loans

While you may decide to use federal or private student loans, a HELOC, or all three types of financing to help pay for a college education, it’s important to be aware of some key differences in how they work.

Interest Rates

•   Federal student loans are usually the way to go for borrowers who are looking for the lowest interest rates available. These loans come with a fixed interest rate that is set by the government, so once you sign on the dotted line, you can expect to pay the same rate for the life of the loan. But different types of federal student loans have different interest rates, and the way interest starts accruing on these loans also varies. If you have a subsidized loan, for example, you won’t accrue any interest while you’re in school, for six months after you leave school, or during any deferment. The U.S. Department of Education pays the interest during these periods. The interest on an unsubsidized loan starts accruing immediately, however, and it is the borrower’s responsibility.

•   Private student loans are generally available with a choice of a fixed or variable interest rate, but these rates, which are set by the individual lenders, can vary quite a bit — so it can be a good idea to shop for the most competitive offer based on your creditworthiness and other qualifications.

•   HELOCs have a variable interest rate, which means the rate can fluctuate over time. This could be good or bad, depending on which way interest rates are going. If rates drop, the borrower could benefit; but if they rise, it may make it harder to keep up with the payments. Still, because a HELOC is secured with your home, the interest rate may be lower than with other types of unsecured borrowing, such as personal loan or credit card. And because it’s a line of credit and not a lump-sum loan, you’ll only be charged interest on the amount you’ve actually borrowed.

Recommended: Student Loan Interest Rates Guide

Fees

•   Federal student loan borrowers are often surprised to learn they’ll be expected to pay an origination fee on each loan they receive. Origination fees are currently 1.057% for federal subsidized and unsubsidized loans for undergraduate and graduate students, and 4.228% for federal PLUS loans for parents and graduate students. The lender who is servicing the loan also may charge a fee if a payment is more than 30 days late.

•   Private student loan fees also can vary based on the lender you choose. Some may charge an origination fee or fees for late payments, while others, including SoFi, have zero fees on student loans.

•   HELOC fees can vary depending on the lender, but they often include an application/origination fee, notary fee, title search, appraisal fee, credit report fee, document prep fee, and recording fee. There also may be an annual maintenance fee, and charges for early termination or account inactivity.

Repayment Terms

•   Federal student loans offer the most repayment options for borrowers, including a fixed payment plan that ensures loans are paid off within 10 years and income-driven plans that base your monthly payment on your earnings and your family size. Some borrowers also may be able to have a portion of their loans forgiven. And those who have multiple federal student loans may choose to consolidate them into a single Direct Consolidation Loan. Another plus: Student and parent borrowers may be eligible for a deferment period if they become unemployed, experience an economic hardship, or serve in the military.

•   Private student loans have different repayment terms depending on the lender, and can often be repaid over a period of 10 to 15 years or longer, usually starting six months after graduation. There is no loan forgiveness with a private student loan, but some lenders, including SoFi, may offer borrowers a student loan deferment period that’s similar to what some federal loans offer. However, you can expect your loan to continue accruing interest during this time.

•   HELOC borrowers usually are required to make at least a minimum monthly payment during their account’s “draw” period. When the draw period ends — typically after 10 years — access to the line of credit ends and the lender sets up a repayment schedule based on the balance owed.

Credit Requirements

•   Federal student loan borrowers who are undergraduates don’t have to worry about passing a credit check as part of their application process — and they don’t need a cosigner to get a loan. Though parents and graduate students do have to pass a credit check to get a federal loan, there’s no required minimum credit score.

•   Private student loan lenders may have different credit requirements, but all borrowers (including undergraduates) should expect to go through a credit check. Lenders generally will be looking for a solid credit history, a good-to-excellent credit score, and other factors that show the borrower — alone or with the help of an eligible student loan cosigner — has the ability to repay the loan.

•   HELOC credit requirements can vary, but typically lenders require that you have at least 15% to 20% equity in your home, a healthy debt-to-income ratio that shows you can afford to take on the added debt load, and a credit score that indicates you can reliably repay the money you owe.

Tax Deductibility

•   Federal student loan interest payments can qualify for a tax deduction of up to $2,500, as long as you used the loan to pay eligible higher education expenses for yourself, your spouse, or a dependent. And you don’t have to itemize deductions on your return to get the tax break: The interest you pay is considered an income adjustment, so there’s no separate form to fill out.

•   Private student loan interest payments qualify for the same tax deduction as federal student loans, with the same requirements.

•   HELOC borrowers can only claim their interest payments as a deduction if they used the borrowed funds to “buy, build, or substantially improve your home.” Interest paid on money used for college doesn’t qualify for a tax break.

Borrowing Limits

•   Federal student loans have different borrowing limits based on the loan type and your student status (undergraduate or graduate) or if you’re a parent.

•   Private student loan limits can vary by lender; there is no set borrowing limit as with most federal loans. However, the maximum amount you can borrow may be based on your school’s estimated cost of attendance minus any other forms of financial aid you receive, your creditworthiness, and other factors.

•   HELOC lenders typically will allow you to tap into your home equity for 85% or more of your home’s current appraised value minus the amount you currently owe, So, for example, if your home is valued at $350,000 and you owe $250,000, you might qualify for a HELOC that’s $47,500 ($350,000 x 85% = $297,500 – $250,000 = $47,500).

Alternative Options

Although a HELOC can be used to pay for college — especially if you find you need more money than you can get in student loans — there are other options that could help your family manage education costs.

Scholarships and Grants

A wide range of scholarships and grants are available to students who are willing to take the time to do some research and apply. And this type of financial aid, which can come from private organizations, colleges, and other sources, doesn’t have to be repaid.

Work Study or a Part-Time Job

A work-study program or part-time job can also help pay some college costs. A student can check with the financial aid office at his or her school to learn more about participating in federal or state work-study programs. And local businesses like coffee shops, restaurants, retail stores, and markets often hire college workers to help out at night and on the weekends.

529 Plans

If your student is still a few years away from attending college, you may want to look into a state-sponsored 529 college savings plan, also known as a qualified tuition program. These tax-advantaged plans offer parents and others an opportunity to save ahead for a family member’s college expenses.

The Takeaway

Using a HELOC vs. student loans to pay for college has advantages and disadvantages. Because you only have to pay interest on the amount you actually borrow, a HELOC can be an affordable alternative, or addition, to lump-sum student loans. And since your home is used as collateral with a HELOC, the interest rate may be lower than with some other borrowing options. Of course, this also means you could lose your home if you can’t make your HELOC payments.

You may want to exhaust any federal financial aid for which your family is eligible — and check out potential private student loan offers — before turning to a HELOC for help. Federal student loans offer borrower protections you can’t expect with a HELOC, and you won’t be putting your home at risk.

If you’ve exhausted all federal student aid options, no-fee private student loans from SoFi can help you pay for school. The online application process is easy, and you can see rates and terms in just minutes. Repayment plans are flexible, so you can find an option that works for your financial plan and budget.

Cover up to 100% of school-certified costs including tuition, books, supplies, room and board, and transportation with a private student loan from SoFi.

FAQ

Can I use both a HELOC and student loans?

Yes, if the federal financial aid for which you are eligible doesn’t cover all your college costs, you may choose to combine a HELOC with both federal and private student loans. You may want to compare all your options before moving forward, however, and it may be helpful to make a plan for how you expect to use and repay the money you borrow.

Does the interest rate on a HELOC vary?

Yes, a HELOC comes with a variable interest rate, which means the interest rate you pay could fluctuate based on movements in the underlying benchmark interest rate or index.

Are student loan interest rates fixed?

Federal student loans have fixed interest rates, so you’ll pay the same rate for the life of the loan. Private student loans may be offered with a choice of a fixed or variable interest rate.

Can you use a HELOC to pay off student loans?

If you can qualify for a lower interest rate, you might consider using a HELOC to pay off your student loans. But it’s important to keep in mind the upfront and ongoing costs that come with a HELOC — and you’ll lose the tax deduction you receive for the interest paid on your student loans. You’ll also lose the protections that student loans offer borrowers, and you could put your home at risk if it turns out you can’t make your HELOC payments.

Photo credit: iStock/andresr

SoFi Private Student Loans
Please borrow responsibly. SoFi Private Student Loans are not a substitute for federal loans, grants, and work-study programs. You should exhaust all your federal student aid options before you consider any private loans, including ours. Read our FAQs.
SoFi Private Student Loans are subject to program terms and restrictions, and applicants must meet SoFi’s eligibility and underwriting requirements. See SoFi.com/eligibility-criteria for more information. To view payment examples, click here. SoFi reserves the right to modify eligibility criteria at any time. This information is subject to change.

SoFi Loan Products
SoFi loans are originated by SoFi Bank, N.A., NMLS #696891 (Member FDIC). For additional product-specific legal and licensing information, see SoFi.com/legal. Equal Housing Lender.

Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

Third-Party Brand Mentions: No brands, products, or companies mentioned are affiliated with SoFi, nor do they endorse or sponsor this article. Third-party trademarks referenced herein are property of their respective owners.

Disclaimer: Many factors affect your credit scores and the interest rates you may receive. SoFi is not a Credit Repair Organization as defined under federal or state law, including the Credit Repair Organizations Act. SoFi does not provide “credit repair” services or advice or assistance regarding “rebuilding” or “improving” your credit record, credit history, or credit rating. For details, see the FTC’s website .

Tax Information: This article provides general background information only and is not intended to serve as legal or tax advice or as a substitute for legal counsel. You should consult your own attorney and/or tax advisor if you have a question requiring legal or tax advice.

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Source: sofi.com

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If you’re delinquent on your student loans, you may experience garnishment if your student loan debt is with a state or federal government or part of a federally insured student loan program. (Garnishment means withholding a tax refund by automatically sending it to your loan servicer to repay a defaulted loan.) Private creditors may also collect your tax refund to repay your student loan debt.

Obviously, garnishment is a difficult situation. Read on to learn more about your alternatives if you are potentially dealing with this scenario.

Can Student Loans Garnish My Tax Refund?

If your loans came from a state or federal student loan program, the federal government may garnish up to 100% of your tax refund if you’re in default repaying your loans. Default is defined as the failure to repay a student loan according to the terms of your promissory note.

You’re considered to be in default if you haven’t made a payment in more than 270 days. You may also experience legal consequences and will lose eligibility for more federal student aid.

However, it’s worth noting that if you are just 90 days or more behind on your payments, you are still considered to be delinquent in your payments. The three major credit bureaus (Equifax®, Experian®, TransUnion®) will likely be alerted. This information may possibly lower your credit score.

Also, only federal loans in default can result in tax refund garnishment, not private student loans, though your servicer might take other steps to get the funds they are owed.

💡 Quick Tip: Enjoy no hidden fees and special member benefits when you refinance student loans with SoFi.

Options for Managing Student Loans

Fortunately, you may be able to avoid default and avoid worrying about the government garnishing your refund. You can head off tax refund garnishment using a few different methods.

It can be wise to talk with your student loan servicer about all your available options. They can help you identify the right repayment strategy for your unique situation. If you have private student loans, you can also talk to your provider to determine the right course of action.

That said, here are a few options to consider:

SAVE Plan

The Saving on a Valuable Education (SAVE) Plan, which replaced the Revised Pay As You Earn (REPAYE) Plan, offers a potential alternative to tax refund garnishment of federal student loans. The SAVE Plan is an income-driven payment plan that lowers your federal student loan payments, taking your income and family size into account to determine your monthly payment.

The plan determines your payment based on your discretionary income, or the difference between your adjusted gross income and 225% of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Poverty Guideline amount for your family size.

The SAVE Plan eliminates monthly interest for both subsidized and unsubsidized federal student loans if you make your full monthly payment due. The government covers your monthly interest, meaning your loan balance won’t grow due to accrued unpaid interest.

Under the original SAVE Plan, if you initially borrowed $12,000 or less, after as few as 10 years, your loans would be forgiven (meaning you wouldn’t have to continue to repay your loans after you satisfy all the requirements and guidelines of the plan).

However, it’s important to note that two U.S. district judges (one in Kansas, the other in Missouri) recently placed an injunction on the next phase of the SAVE program and blocked it from providing additional loan forgiveness. The next phase of the SAVE program was scheduled to take effect on July 1, 2024. This is a still evolving situation as of this article’s publication date and one to monitor carefully.

Recommended: Can Student Loans Be Discharged?

Offer in Compromise

You can also take a different tack and work directly with the IRS (Internal Revenue Service) to avoid wage garnishment instead of approaching your student loan servicer. An Offer in Compromise (OIC) may also help your situation.

In an OIC, you pay the IRS less than your total tax debt if you owe the IRS more back taxes than you can afford to repay. If the IRS accepts your OIC, you must meet all the terms of your offer agreement — the IRS will only release your federal tax liens and levies once you fulfill those obligations.

You can fill out the OIC prequalifier tool to learn about your eligibility for an OIC.

Federal Student Loan On-Ramp

Most federal student loan borrowers began federal student loan repayment in October 2023 after the payment pause ended.

To ease borrowers into repayment, the Department of Education created an “on-ramp” period through Sept. 30, 2024, which prevents borrowers from suffering the worst consequences of missed, late, or partial payments, such as:

•   Being considered delinquent (meaning your loan payments are 90 days or more late)

•   Reports of delinquency to credit scoring companies

•   Loans going into default

Note that interest will still accrue, and not making payments means you’ll owe more money on your student loans over time. Your loan servicer may eventually have to increase your monthly payment to ensure you pay your loans off on time.

Also be aware that you can only qualify for the on-ramp if your loans were eligible for the payment pause. You don’t have to do anything to enroll in the on-ramp period.

The Takeaway

If you are not up to date on repaying your student loans, you could be in a situation in which your loan servicer can garnish, or directly take, a tax refund that was heading your way. If this could happen to you, it may be time to consider other options, such as the SAVE Plan, an “offer in compromise” with the IRS, the federal student loan on-ramp option, or another alternative. Talking to your loan servicer can be a smart move, whether you have federal or private loans.

Looking to lower your monthly student loan payment? Refinancing may be one way to do it — by extending your loan term, getting a lower interest rate than what you currently have, or both. (Please note that refinancing federal loans makes them ineligible for federal forgiveness and protections. Also, lengthening your loan term may mean paying more in interest over the life of the loan.) SoFi student loan refinancing offers flexible terms that fit your budget.

With SoFi, refinancing is fast, easy, and all online. We offer competitive fixed and variable rates.

FAQ

Will student loans affect my tax refund?

If you continue to repay your federal student loans on time and in full, you won’t suffer any consequences to your tax refund. It’s only when your federal loans go into default (meaning they are 270 days or more late in terms of payment) that the government may garnish your tax refund to satisfy student loan debt repayment.

Can my spouse’s tax refund be garnished for my student loans?

A refund from a joint tax return with your spouse may be subject to tax refund garnishment, even though your spouse isn’t liable for your loan default. Your spouse may qualify to reclaim their portion of the refund by filing IRS Form 8379. Check with your tax preparer or search online for more information and details.

What happens if my student loans are in default?

Your federal student loans are considered in default if you don’t make your scheduled payments for at least 270 days. “Default” for private loans may be longer or shorter than the 270 days — ask your service provider for details. The consequences of defaulting on federal loans can include the entire unpaid loan balance and interest becoming due in a process called “acceleration,” lost eligibility for more federal student aid, no eligibility for deferment or forbearance, and lost ability to choose a repayment plan. Your credit score could be negatively impacted, and your wages or tax refund could be garnished.

Photo credit: iStock/MTStock Studio

SoFi Student Loan Refinance
If you are a federal student loan borrower, you should consider all of your repayment opportunities including the opportunity to refinance your student loan debt at a lower APR or to extend your term to achieve a lower monthly payment. Please note that once you refinance federal student loans you will no longer be eligible for current or future flexible payment options available to federal loan borrowers, including but not limited to income-based repayment plans or extended repayment plans.

SoFi Loan Products
SoFi loans are originated by SoFi Bank, N.A., NMLS #696891 (Member FDIC). For additional product-specific legal and licensing information, see SoFi.com/legal. Equal Housing Lender.

Non affiliation: SoFi isn’t affiliated with any of the companies highlighted in this article.

Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

External Websites: The information and analysis provided through hyperlinks to third-party websites, while believed to be accurate, cannot be guaranteed by SoFi. Links are provided for informational purposes and should not be viewed as an endorsement.

Tax Information: This article provides general background information only and is not intended to serve as legal or tax advice or as a substitute for legal counsel. You should consult your own attorney and/or tax advisor if you have a question requiring legal or tax advice.

Third-Party Brand Mentions: No brands, products, or companies mentioned are affiliated with SoFi, nor do they endorse or sponsor this article. Third-party trademarks referenced herein are property of their respective owners.

SOSL-Q224-1940149-V1

Source: sofi.com

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Student borrowers can no longer apply for Income Share Loans (ISLs) on Stride Funding’s website as of summer 2024. While the ISL program is still available, students must apply directly through a participating and eligible institution.

Stride encourages interested students to contact their financial aid or admissions office to see if they offer Stride programs. Stride representatives say there will be no impact to those who already have Stride loans.

Stride began offering ISLs in 2019 under the name AlmaPact. They are known for providing student loan funding based on a student’s future income potential as opposed to their credit rating. This funding model allows students to obtain loans without a co-signer.

Stride also now offers Employer-Sponsored Loans. This program matches students with employers who vet and select them while conditionally committing to hiring them after graduation. Employers will then pay up to a certain amount of the hires’ student loans based upon the student being employed with them for a set period.

What now?

Compare offers from many lenders to find the best offer for your financial situation. Or compare student loan lenders by category:

If you’re seeking a lender to refinance your student loans, use our refinance calculator to assess lenders and find the best one for your needs:

Note: This calculator assumes that after you refinance, you’ll make minimum monthly payments.

Or compare student loan refinance lenders by category:

¹Loans may be issued by Stride Funding, Inc or FinWise Bank, a Utah-chartered bank, Member FDIC. All loans are subject to individual approval and adherence to underwriting guidelines. Program restrictions, other terms, and conditions apply.

Source: nerdwallet.com

Apache is functioning normally

Stride Funding stopped providing student borrowers with Income Share Loans (ISL) in the summer of 2024. Now, the company only offers Employer-Sponsored Loans.

Stride’s Employer-Sponsored Loan program will match students with employers who vet and select them while committing to hiring them after graduation. Employers will then pay the hires’ student loans based upon the student being employed with them for a set period.

Stride began offering ISLs in 2019 under the name AlmaPact. They were known for providing student loan funding based on a student’s future income potential as opposed to their credit rating. This funding model allowed students to obtain loans without a co-signer.

In 2022, Stride partnered with FinWise, a Utah-based state-chartered bank, to expand their ISL program for students. The company also provided loan funding to students attending universities as well as bootcamps and certificate programs.

What now?

Compare offers from many lenders to find the best offer for your financial situation. Or compare student loan lenders by category:

If you’re seeking a lender to refinance your student loans, use our refinance calculator to assess lenders and find the best one for your needs:

Note: This calculator assumes that after you refinance, you’ll make minimum monthly payments.

Or compare student loan refinance lenders by category:

Source: nerdwallet.com