buying definition

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When you’re about to make an offer on a home, your real estate agent will ask how much “earnest money” you’d like to put down. Earnest money is a type of security deposit, also known as a “good faith” deposit, made to the seller of a home. It represents your intent to buy the property by showing the seller you’re serious about purchasing the property. In most cases, earnest money can also act as a deposit on the property you’re looking to buy.  

This Redfin article gives an overview of what earnest money is, why you need it, and how much you may need, and how to protect the money once you deposit it. 

What is earnest money in real estate transactions?

Earnest money is the money you pay after a home seller has accepted your offer on a house and before closing on the home. Earnest money assures the seller that you as the buyer are acting in good faith, and it provides them with some compensation in case you back out of the deal without a valid, contractual reason. 

Once the seller’s agent is able to confirm that your earnest money has been deposited into an escrow account, the buyer and seller will enter into a purchase agreement and the seller’s agent will mark the listing as a pending sale — in effect taking the property off the market. At this stage, various inspections, appraisals, and possibly other contingencies you had in the offer contract move forward to finalize the sale. 

Who keeps earnest money if the deal falls through?

If the buyer backs out, the earnest money is paid to the seller. If the deal falls through due to something coming up on the home inspection that would be prohibitively expensive (like a cracked foundation) or any other contingency listed in the contract, the buyer gets their earnest money back. 

How much earnest money do you need to offer?

The buyer and seller can negotiate the earnest money deposit amount, but it typically ranges from 1% to 3% of the sale price, depending on the market. However, if you’re buying a home in a seller’s market (when there are more buyers than homes for sale), or bidding on a highly competitive home, the earnest money deposit might range between 5% and 10% of a property’s sale price.

Be sure to talk to your real estate agent about how much earnest money you should offer in the housing market you’re competing in. 

Do you need to pay earnest money? 

In the strictest technical terms, the answer is no – earnest money is not a requirement when you make an offer on a house. However, your offer likely won’t receive the seller’s serious consideration without putting a good faith deposit down of some kind. Earnest money can act as added insurance for both parties in the transaction.

How is earnest money paid and where does it go?  

In most cases, your earnest money deposit is paid to the escrow or title company, which holds it in an escrow account until the transaction closes. If you work with a real estate attorney, the deposit may be put into escrow there. You can pay this deposit with a personal check, a cashier’s check from the bank, a money order, or wired funds, depending on the terms of your contract. 

What does the good faith deposit count toward? 

Once the sale of the home has been completed, the earnest money you paid can be applied toward your closing costs or down payment. Alternatively, you can receive your earnest money back after closing. Because the sale went through the home sellers do not get to keep the earnest money deposit.

When does a seller keep the earnest money deposit?

If you fail to meet your offer’s contractual obligations, your earnest money could now belong to the seller.  Examples include:

  • After the due diligence period is over (usually a couple of weeks), you learn that the home sits in a flight path or near a refinery and you decide to walk.
  • You back out for any reason not listed as a contingency in the contract.
  • You cannot close on time, without a relevant contingency, and the contract has a “time is of the essence” term.

If you face any of these issues but still want to purchase the house, don’t give up. Have your agent get with the seller’s real estate agent. If you are upfront about the situation, the seller may extend the timeframe. 

Is earnest money refundable? 

As a buyer, you can reclaim your earnest money for a couple of reasons:

  1. If the seller doesn’t fulfill their side of the purchase contract. For example, if the home inspection found faulty windows and the seller agreed to replace them – but did not follow through by the contract deadline. That breach of contract allows a buyer to back out of the purchase and receive a refund of their earnest money. 
  2. If you have a contingency in place, and you have a reason related to that contingency to cancel the contract. There are a number of contingencies you can put into the contract and, if not met, you can walk away from the deal with your good faith deposit in hand.

Other examples of when your earnest money would commonly be refunded:

  • The title company finds a lien against the property. 
  • Your lender denies you the loan, but you have a financing contingency in your offer.
  • If your offer is contingent on selling your current home, but you are unable to do so after a given period of time.
  • If you have an appraisal contingency, and the home appraises at a lower rate but the seller won’t reduce the price of the home.

Having a contingency may also allow you to negotiate the terms of your contract. For example, you may be able to ask the seller to perform repairs or give a credit at escrow to cover the agreed-upon repair costs. Typically, a buyer and seller can negotiate a resolution so the sale can be completed.

What if a buyer can’t afford a good faith deposit?

Most sellers will not consider an offer without earnest money. Keep in mind, however, that it may be possible to negotiate a work-around. If you can’t afford an upfront earnest money deposit, let the real estate agent and seller know right away. If your purchase method and financing look solid otherwise, maybe the seller will agree to move forward with the sale. If you are serious about the purchase, you may be able to ask a family member or friend to assist with a gift or loan of funds for the good faith deposit. 

A word of caution: Before taking a gift, institutional loan, or getting a cash advance on a credit card for your earnest money, be sure to consult with your mortgage lender. Any new gift, bank loan or cash advance that leads to high credit card balances during your transaction timeline could be detrimental to your mortgage loan approval. This deposit is meant to secure the property, not put it at risk of losing it.

Earnest money in action: Common scenarios

Let’s look at an example scenario of how earnest money may play out. Evan and Mia have listed their homes for sale in Washington, DC. Amelia is in the market for a new home and is interested in both properties and can’t make up her mind. In the event that both sellers require an earnest money deposit, three potential scenarios can unfold.

Scenario 1: The forfeited deposit

Because Amelia can’t decide which house to buy, she puts a good faith deposit down on both properties, prompting Evan and Mia to take their homes off the market. 

Later, Amelia decides to buy Mia’s house. Now, Evan needs to relist their home for sale all over again. Luckily, Amelia’s earnest money is Evan’s to keep because Amelia backed out, which offers some compensation for time and money lost while the home was off market.

Scenario 2: The early closing payment

After giving it some thought, Amelia decides to make a single deposit on Mia’s home and everything runs smoothly. On closing day, Amelia gets the keys and the deposit is put towards their downpayment.

Scenario 3: The failed contingency

Amelia makes a single deposit to Mia. However, during the home inspection, Amelia discovers the electrical wiring is not up to code and will be very expensive to update. Luckily, Amelia has a home inspection contingency in the purchase agreement and decides not to buy and gets the deposit back from Mia.

How to protect your earnest money deposit

Take the following steps to protect your earnest money against fraud or unjustifiable forfeiture:

  • Document Everything. A home is one of the largest purchases many of us will make. Make sure the contract clearly defines what amounts to cancel the sale and who ends up with the earnest money. Include any amendments to details like buyer responsibilities and timelines.
  • Use an escrow account. Instead of working directly with the real estate seller or broker, use a reputable third-party, such as an escrow company, legal firm, or title company. Ensure the funds are securely held within an escrow account and obtain a receipt.
  • Understand the contingencies. Familiarize yourself with the contingencies included in the contract, and double-check the contingencies that protect your interests are included. Do not sign a home purchase agreement that doesn’t have the clauses that protect you.
  • Fulfill obligations. Real estate purchase agreements typically establish deadlines to safeguard sellers. Honor these deadlines and be sure to promptly address inquiries, submit necessary documents, and meet inspection, appraisal, and closing timelines.

Earnest money is an integral part of most real estate transactions. Before signing a Purchase and Sale Agreement to buy a home, carefully review all contingencies, understand how much money you’ll need to pay, and know-how to successfully recover your earnest money if you need to back out of the sale.

Source: redfin.com

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The mortgage industry has its own language, and in order to understand it, homebuyers need to learn different acronyms and jargon when shopping for a home loan. A typical home loan payment or mortgage payment involves a single payment, which is the sum of four different line items: the loan principal, interest, taxes, and insurance – also referred to as PITI. 

Before you set your sights on a home, know if you can afford the costs by learning what PITI is and how it impacts your monthly mortgage payments.

What does PITI stand for? 

PITI stands for the loan principal, interest amount, taxes, and insurance on your home – the four major elements that make up mortgage payments. 

Homebuyers often underestimate the true cost of homeownership by failing to take into account property taxes and homeowners insurance. It’s crucial that you budget for all the components of your mortgage payment before purchasing a home.

What is PITI? The four components

Now that we know what PITI stands for, let’s break down each of the four components and analyze the individual elements that make up your monthly mortgage payment.

1) Principal

The mortgage principal is the loan amount before any interest is calculated. This is the base amount of your home purchase price minus any down payment you make. 

We’ll use a hypothetical home purchase for reference; if you buy a home for $450,000 with a 20% down payment ($90,000), your mortgage principal amount will be $360,000.

Over your mortgage term, you pay substantially more than the original $360,000 to the lender in the form of loan interest. The principal is the base amount used for loan calculations to determine if they will extend a loan to you. 

2) Interest

Your mortgage interest rate is what you pay the lender as part of your monthly mortgage payment to borrow the funds to purchase your home. The mortgage lender calculates interest as a percentage of your outstanding principal. If your principal loan is for $360,000 and your lender charges you an interest rate of 6%, this means that you will pay $21,600 (6% of $360,000) in interest for the first year of your mortgage.

Your mortgage interest and principal payments are itemized on a mortgage amortization table. The amortization charts show how much each mortgage payment pays down your principal and interest. When you first start making mortgage payments, most of your monthly payment goes toward interest instead of the principal. 

This split shifts over time, and eventually, the amount you pay toward interest decreases, and more is paid toward the principal. As the principal amount of your loan decreases, you start to earn equity on your home. Equity is the portion of your home that you own outright. Your interest decreases as well, as you only pay interest on the principal amount you have not paid off.

For our example, you will pay $21,600 in interest over the first year of your $360,000 mortgage. By the time you have paid down $260,000 of that principal, your principal amount will be $100,000; at that point, you’ll pay interest of $6,000 annually (6% of $100,000).

3) Taxes

When you own your house, you pay taxes on the property to your local government to maintain roads, emergency services, police, firefighters, schools, and more. Buyers often overlook property taxes when estimating homeownership costs, but it is important to consider this recurring annual cost when you’re searching for your new home. Property taxes vary by location and are the most expensive tax homeowners pay. Taxes may be higher in a newer neighborhood or an area coveted by many homeowners. They are often less if you live just outside coveted neighborhoods and in rural areas. 

The amount of property tax you pay is determined by the local property tax rate and the value of your home. A general guideline to estimate property taxes is to allocate approximately $1 for every $1,000 of your home’s value, paid on a monthly basis.For example, if your home is worth $450,000, you can expect to pay around $450 per month in property taxes or $5,400 per year. 

As part of the home purchase process, most states require that you get an unbiased, official appraisal to estimate your taxes accurately. Your lender usually orders the home appraisal and includes the cost in their list of closing costs. After you close on your home purchase, keep in mind that your local government will regularly reassess properties every few years for tax purposes, which could lead to a change in your tax bill.

4) Insurance

The “insurance” component of PITI refers to homeowner’s insurance and, when it’s required, private mortgage insurance (PMI). Let’s discuss each of these concepts in more detail. 

Private mortgage insurance (PMI)

Your PMI rates depend on how much of a down payment you made and your credit score. If you’re putting down less than 20% on a conventional loan, you’re required to pay for private mortgage insurance (PMI), which protects the lender if you default on your mortgage payments. Once you build at least 20% equity in your home — and your loan-to-value (LTV) ratio is 80% or less — you can get rid of PMI. For FHA loans, a similar mortgage insurance premium has to be paid throughout the life of the loan on any FHA-backed mortgage loan.

If your PMI comes in at a rate of 1%, here’s how you’d calculate a mortgage of $360,000: $360,000 x 1% = $3,600 per year; $3,600 ÷ 12 monthly payments = $300 per month.

Homeowners insurance

Most mortgage lenders require a homebuyer to purchase and maintain homeowners insurance over the entire loan term. Homeowners insurance covers you and the lender if something catastrophic happens to the home, and you need to rebuild or move. Most homeowners insurance policies cover your home in the event of a break-in, fire, or storm damage. 

Most insurance companies require you to buy additional coverage for damage from earthquakes or flooding. You can also purchase insurance riders to cover items of significant value, such as an expensive musical instrument, art, or jewelry. If you buy a condominium, you’ll also pay a homeowners association fee. Your lender may consider your HOA fee your insurance as the HOA carries its own insurance that covers the building, and thus you may not need another policy. 

Property insurance amounts can vary among different insurances. It’s wise to shop around after the seller accepts your purchase contract, and before you close on the property, to get a good idea of reasonable rates. Insurance companies consider these factors when calculating an insurance premium:

  • The home’s value
  • Whether you live in an urban area or a rural area
  • Whether you live in an area with high climate risk
  • How close your home is near a fire department or fire hydrant 
  • Whether you have an insurance risk on your property, i.e., something could injure children, such as a trampoline, pool, or specific dog breed 
  • How many insurance claims you make each year for other types of insurance

When estimating your homeowner’s insurance costs, it’s helpful to keep a general rule of thumb in mind. On average, you can anticipate paying approximately $3.50 per every $1,000 of your home’s value in annual homeowner’s insurance premiums. For instance, if your property is valued at $450,000, you can expect to pay around $1,575 per year for insurance coverage, which translates to roughly $131 per month.

How to calculate PITI

Before you start your search for a house, it’s a good idea to calculate PITI to determine your price range and help you find a mortgage option that will fit your budget. The exercise will make you a more rational home buyer and keep you from falling in love with a house outside your price range. 

The simplest way to calculate PITI is by using an online monthly mortgage calculator. Redfin’s mortgage calculator includes the principal and interest, taxes, insurance, HOA, and PMI. You can also add in your location for more accurate estimates.

PITI and the 28% Rule

Your PITI gives you a rough idea of what purchase price range you can afford. One way to identify a purchase price within manageable limits is to use the housing expense ratio. To ensure your ongoing ability to make your mortgage payments, home finance experts typically recommend that your housing costs should be equal to or below 28% of your monthly household budget. If your PITI is more than 28% of your monthly budget, your lender may require you to pay for additional mortgage insurance.

In our example, you can estimate your housing expense ratio by dividing your PITI by your total monthly income. If your household income is $10,000 a month, your PITI will make up about 28% of your monthly budget, well within recommended guidelines. ($2,800/$10,000 = 28%.)

Keep in mind that PITI may just account for just some of your monthly expenses when owning a home. Depending on where you live and how you are paying for your home, there may be additional costs to consider. Additionally, the components that make up PITI are broadly defined here; there is often more complexity that goes into each part of PITI.

How PITI impacts loan approval

During the home buying process, it can be easy to trick yourself into thinking you can afford a more expensive home if you only look at your mortgage’s principal and interest cost without considering the total PITI with taxes and insurance. 

For instance, let’s take a 30-year mortgage on a $450,000 property, assuming a property tax rate of 1.25% ($5,625 per year) and an annual homeowners insurance premium of $3,600. In this scenario, your monthly financial commitment would go beyond just the principal and interest amount, as you would need to allocate an additional $581 to cover taxes and insurance. Understanding and accounting for these factors will provide you with a comprehensive understanding of the actual costs involved in homeownership.

Here is a breakdown of the example discussed above. 

Principal and Interest PITI
Interest rate 7% 7%
20% down payment $90,000 $90,000
Property taxes N/A $450
Homeowners insurance N/A $131
Private mortgage insurance N/A N/A
Monthly payment $1,800 $2,381

How DTI factors in

The principal balance will factor into your debt-to-income (DTI) ratio. Your DTI ratio gives lenders an idea of how capable you are of managing money and the likelihood that you will consistently make your monthly payments. To determine your DTI, the lender uses your total minimum monthly debt obligation and divides it by your gross monthly income to arrive at a percentage. This calculation also includes payments on credit card accounts, auto loans, student loans, and other recurring debt payments. Lenders consider you a higher risk if your DTI ratio exceeds 43%, some lenders will allow a DTI as high as 50%. 

Don’t overlook other housing costs

PITI is just one fundamental concept to understand before applying for a mortgage. As you consider how much house you can afford, you’ll also need to plan for additional costs typically associated with homeownership. These include HOA or condo fees, which can range from $100 to $1,000 per month, with an average of $200 to $300. Additionally, budgeting for repairs and maintenance is crucial, with a general guideline of saving 1% to 5% of your home’s value annually. For a newer $450,000 home, this would mean setting aside $4,500 to $22,500 per year. Utility bills for electricity, water, gas, sewer, cable, trash, and internet should also be factored in, and contacting the utility company or asking the seller or neighbors can help estimate these costs.

The bottom line on PITI

Buying a home is very exciting, but before signing your mortgage contract, know what payment amount you can afford based on PITI and other monthly costs. The more you understand the home buying and mortgage process and the total cost of homeownership, the easier it will be to finalize your purchase decision. Your home purchase represents an important milestone in your life – avoid confusion and uncertainty by gaining a solid understanding of PITI and the cost of homeownership. 

Source: redfin.com