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You may have heard that 20% is the ideal down payment on a house, but that doesn’t mean you must pony up that amount to become a homeowner. In truth, the average house down payment is considerably smaller. Currently, the median down payment for a house is 15%, according to data from the National Association of Realtors® (NAR).

Here, you’ll learn more about down payments so you can house-hunt like an insider. Getting a sense of what others are paying and how that differs based on geographic area is helpful. We’ll also share how you might access help if you can’t come up with 20%. Armed with this intel, you’ll be better prepared to navigate that major rite of passage: purchasing a home.

Table of Contents

Key Points

•   The median down payment for a house in the US ranges widely from 10% to 35% of the purchase price.

•   The amount of the down payment can vary based on factors like loan type, credit score, and lender requirements.

•   A larger down payment can result in lower monthly mortgage payments and potentially better loan terms.

•   Down payment assistance programs and gifts from family members can help with affordability.

•   It’s important to save and plan for a down payment to achieve homeownership goals.

Average Down Payment Statistics

As of 2023, the median down payment for a house was 15%, or $63,908 if you consider that the median national home price in 2023 was $426,056, according to Redfin. This was up slightly from 13% in 2022, according to the NAR. (The median means half of buyers put down less and half put down more; it’s generally considered a better barometer than an average, because the latter can be thrown off by outliers — people who spend wildly more or less than usual.)

This 15% figure shows that the conventional wisdom that you need 20% down to purchase a home is, to a large extent, untrue. In fact, in an April 2024 SoFi survey of prospective homebuyers, many planned to put down far less than 20%. Almost a third of respondents (29%) said they planned to put down 10% or less, and 7% of those surveyed were exploring zero-down-payment options.

A 20% down payment will lower your mortgage amount and monthly payments vs. a smaller down payment, and will allow you to avoid private mortgage insurance (PMI), but it’s not the only game in town.

Average Down Payment on a House for First-Time Buyers

First-time buyers make about a third of all home purchases, and the typical down payment for first-time buyers in the NAR survey was 8%, while repeat buyers’ typical down payment was 19%. (Repeat buyers often have money from the sale of their first residence to put toward the purchase of their next one.)

Down Payment Requirements by Mortgage Loan Type

The amount of money you put down on a home may be governed in part by the type of mortgage loan you choose (and conversely, how much money you have saved for a down payment could dictate the type of mortgage you qualify for). Let’s take a look at the different loan types and their down payment requirements.

Remember that if you are buying your first home or you haven’t purchased a residence in three or more years, you may qualify as a first-time homebuyer and be eligible for special first-time homebuyer programs.

Conventional Loan

This is the kind of loan favored by most buyers, and for first-time homebuyers some conventional home loans can allow for as little as 3% down on a home purchase. A repeat homebuyer might need to put down a bit more — say 5%.

FHA Loan

An FHA loan, acquired through private lenders but guaranteed by the Federal Housing Administration, allows for a 3.5% minimum down payment if the borrower’s credit score is at least 580.

VA Loan and USDA Loan

These loans usually require no down payment, although there are still other hoops to jump through to qualify for one of these loans.

A VA loan backed by the Department of Veterans Affairs, is for eligible veterans, service members, Reservists, National Guard members, and some surviving spouses. The VA also issues direct loans to Native American veterans or non-Native American veterans married to Native Americans. For a typical VA loan borrower, no down payment is required.

A USDA loan backed by the U.S. Department of Agriculture is for households with low to moderate incomes buying homes in eligible rural areas. The USDA also offers direct subsidized loans for households with low and very low incomes. Typically, a credit score of 640 or higher is needed. While borrowers can make a down payment, one is not required.

Jumbo Loan

A jumbo loan is a loan for an amount over the conforming loan limit, which is set by the Federal Housing Finance Agency (FHFA). In most U.S. counties, the conforming loan limit for a single-family home in 2024 is $766,550. Minimum down payment rules for jumbo loans vary by lender but are generally higher than those for conforming loans. Some lenders require a 10% down payment, and others require as much as 20%.

For all of the above loan types, the home being purchased must be a primary residence in order to qualify for the minimum down payment, but a homebuyer can use a conventional or VA loan to purchase a multifamily property with up to four units if one unit will be owner-occupied.

Average Down Payment by Age Group

The latest NAR Home Buyers and Sellers Generational Trends Report breaks down by age the percentage of a home that was financed by homebuyers in 2023.

Older buyers tend to use proceeds from the sale of a previous residence to help fund the new home. Buyers 59 to 68 years old, for instance, put a median of 22% down, the NAR report shows.

Most younger buyers depend on savings for their down payment. Buyers ages 25 to 33 put down a median of 10%, and those ages 34 to 43, 13%. A fortunate 20% of the younger homebuyers (those age 25-33) received down payment help from a friend or relative.

Percentage of Home Financed

All buyers Ages 25-33 Ages 34-43 Ages 44-58 Ages 59-68 Ages 69-77 Ages 78-99
50% 15% 6% 8% 15% 22% 31% 29%
50-59% 6% 2% 5% 5% 9% 14% 11%
60-69% 6% 2% 5% 6% 9% 11% 9%
71-79% 13% 13% 14% 14% 12% 9% 15%
80-89% 23% 26% 27% 22% 19% 18% 14%
90-94% 13% 19% 14% 12% 10% 4% 8%
95-99% 14% 22% 17% 12% 8% 4% 7%
100% (financed the whole purchase) 12% 9% 11% 13% 9% 9% 6%

Average Down Payment by State

The average house down payment in any given state is tied to home prices in that location. You can look into the cost of living by state for an overview and then find the median home value in a particular state at a given point in time and estimate what your down payment might be.

The least expensive states in which to buy a home? Iowa, Oklahoma, Ohio, Mississippi, and Louisiana are among them, according to Redfin.

Average Down Payment On a House in California

California, the most populous state and one of the largest by area, is joined by Hawaii and Colorado on many lists of the most expensive states in which to buy a house. Redfin shows a median sales price of $859,300 in California in spring of 2024. A 3% down payment would be $25,779; 10% down, $85,930; and 20% down, $152,260. The Los Angeles housing market is among the toughest in California, with the median sale price up more than 10% in the last year to $1,050,000. You might want to check out housing market trends by city as well if you are interested in finding out where owning a home could be more or less expensive.

Hawaii comes out near the top with a median home price of $754,800. Three percent down would be $22,644; 10% down, $75,480; and 20%, $150,960. In Hawaii, the conforming loan limit is $1,149,825, a reflection of the state’s high home prices. If you need a mortgage for more than that amount in Hawaii, you’ll be in the market for a jumbo loan.

Recommended: How to Afford a Down Payment on Your First Home

First-time homebuyers can
prequalify for a SoFi mortgage loan,
with as little as 3% down.

Source of Down Payment

You’re probably wondering where homebuyers get the money to afford a down payment, especially first-time homebuyers. NAR has polled buyers to probe that question. Not surprisingly, more than half of buyers (53%) simply say they have saved up the money — which of course isn’t simple at all.

Savings is especially likely to fund a home purchase for those ages 25-33. Almost three-quarters of younger buyers rely on it for their down payment. Older buyers also use savings but are more likely to draw on the sale of a primary residence. This is especially true after age 59.

Other down payment sources include gifts from relatives or friends, sale of stock, a loan or draw from a 401K or pension, or an inheritance. For those who don’t have generational wealth or savings to rely on, first-time homebuyer programs can make home ownership possible.

City, county, and state down payment assistance programs are also out there. They may take the form of grants or second mortgages, some with deferred payments or a forgivable balance.

How Does Your Down Payment Affect Your Monthly Payments?

Curious to see what your potential mortgage would look like based on different down payments? Start with a home affordability calculator (like the one below) to get a feel for how much you’ll need to put down and other expenses.

Or use this mortgage calculator to estimate how much your mortgage payments would be, depending on property value, down payment, interest rate, and repayment term.

What Do I Need to Buy a House?

If Your Down Payment Is Less Than 20%

If your down payment will be less than 20%, you now know that you’ll have plenty of company. (In SoFi’s survey, 14% of would-be buyers said not having an adequate down payment was their primary challenge.) Consider these ways to optimize the situation:

•  A government loan could be the answer: FHA loans are popular with some first-time buyers because of the lenient credit requirements. The down payment for an FHA loan is just 3.5% if you have a credit score of 580 or more. Just know that upfront and monthly mortgage insurance premiums (MIP) always accompany FHA loans, and remain for the life of the loan if the down payment is under 10%. If you put 10% or more down, you’ll pay MIP for 11 years.

•  You may be able to improve your loan terms: If you can’t pull together 20% for a down payment, you can still help yourself by showing lenders that you’re a good risk. You’ll likely need a FICO® score of at least 620 for a conventional loan. If you have that and other positive factors, you may qualify for a more attractive interest rate or better terms.

•  You can eventually cancel PMI: Lenders are required to automatically cancel PMI when the loan balance gets to 78% LTV of the original value of the home. You also can ask your lender to cancel PMI on the date when the principal balance of your mortgage falls to 80% of the original home value.

You may be able to find down payment assistance: City, county, and state down payment assistance programs are out there, and SoFi’s survey suggests they don’t get enough attention: About half (49%) of the homebuyers who said they were challenged to come up with a down payment hadn’t looked into city or state down payment assistance programs. The assistance may take the form of grants or second mortgages, some with deferred payments or a forgivable balance.

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Dream Home Quiz

The Takeaway

What is the average down payment on a house? Currently, it’s about 15% of the home’s purchase price, which usually means mortgage insurance and higher payments for the buyer. But buyers who put less than 20% down on a house unlock the door to homeownership every day. If you want to join them, you can be helped along by low down payments for first-time homebuyers, as well as government loans, down payment assistance, and other programs.

Looking for an affordable option for a home mortgage loan? SoFi can help: We offer low down payments (as little as 3% – 5%*) with our competitive and flexible home mortgage loans. Plus, applying is extra convenient: It’s online, with access to one-on-one help.

SoFi Mortgages: simple, smart, and so affordable.

FAQ

Is 10% down payment enough for a house?

Yes. More than a third of all buyers put down 10% or even less to buy a home. Lower down payments are especially common among younger and/or first-time homebuyers.

What is the minimum you should put down on a house?

Conventional wisdom says the minimum down payment is 20%, but most buyers put down less — 15% is far more common. Younger buyers and first-time homebuyers, especially, often put down far less and some home loans allow you to finance 97% or even 100% of the home’s cost.

What factors can affect my down payment requirements?

The amount of down payment you’ll need to come up with depends on your loan type, credit history and credit score, the cost of the property you’re buying, and whether you are a first-time homebuyer.

What are the pros and cons of putting down less than 20% on a house?

Putting down less than 20% on a house might allow you to buy a home sooner. It might also permit you to set aside money for renovations or to pay off other debts. The disadvantage is that those who put down less than 20% usually have to pay for private mortgage insurance which adds to their monthly costs. (Those with FHA loans who put down less than 20% will pay a mortgage insurance premium.)

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Terms, conditions, and state restrictions apply. Not all products are available in all states. See SoFi.com/eligibility for more information.

*SoFi requires Private Mortgage Insurance (PMI) for conforming home loans with a loan-to-value (LTV) ratio greater than 80%. As little as 3% down payments are for qualifying first-time homebuyers only. 5% minimum applies to other borrowers. Other loan types may require different fees or insurance (e.g., VA funding fee, FHA Mortgage Insurance Premiums, etc.). Loan requirements may vary depending on your down payment amount, and minimum down payment varies by loan type.

Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

Third-Party Brand Mentions: No brands, products, or companies mentioned are affiliated with SoFi, nor do they endorse or sponsor this article. Third-party trademarks referenced herein are property of their respective owners.

External Websites: The information and analysis provided through hyperlinks to third-party websites, while believed to be accurate, cannot be guaranteed by SoFi. Links are provided for informational purposes and should not be viewed as an endorsement.

Tax Information: This article provides general background information only and is not intended to serve as legal or tax advice or as a substitute for legal counsel. You should consult your own attorney and/or tax advisor if you have a question requiring legal or tax advice.

¹FHA loans are subject to unique terms and conditions established by FHA and SoFi. Ask your SoFi loan officer for details about eligibility, documentation, and other requirements. FHA loans require an Upfront Mortgage Insurance Premium (UFMIP), which may be financed or paid at closing, in addition to monthly Mortgage Insurance Premiums (MIP). Maximum loan amounts vary by county. The minimum FHA mortgage down payment is 3.5% for those who qualify financially for a primary purchase. SoFi is not affiliated with any government agency.

†Veterans, Service members, and members of the National Guard or Reserve may be eligible for a loan guaranteed by the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs. VA loans are subject to unique terms and conditions established by VA and SoFi. Ask your SoFi loan officer for details about eligibility, documentation, and other requirements. VA loans typically require a one-time funding fee except as may be exempted by VA guidelines. The fee may be financed or paid at closing. The amount of the fee depends on the type of loan, the total amount of the loan, and, depending on loan type, prior use of VA eligibility and down payment amount. The VA funding fee is typically non-refundable. SoFi is not affiliated with any government agency.

SOHL-Q324-107

Source: sofi.com

Apache is functioning normally

Negative working capital is when a company’s current liabilities are greater than its current assets. Current liabilities are those that are due in less than 12 months. Current assets are those that can turn into cash in less than 12 months.

It’s easy to think that companies with negative net working capital would be at financial risk, but that’s not necessarily the case. There are many situations where having occasional and controlled negative working capital can actually work in a business’s favor.

Read on for an in-depth look at what it means to have negative working capital, when it can happen, and whether it’s a good or bad thing for your small business.

Key Points

•   Negative working capital occurs when a company’s current liabilities exceed its current assets, indicating potential cash flow challenges.

•   Businesses like supermarkets and restaurants often have negative working capital due to fast inventory turnover and delayed payments to suppliers.

•   Negative working capital can, however, signal a risk of not meeting short-term obligations, potentially leading to financial strain.

•   Some companies use negative working capital strategically to free up cash by delaying payments to suppliers.

•   If your small business is struggling with working capital, you can take out a working capital loan or business line of credit to help meet short-term obligations.

What Is Negative Working Capital?

Working capital is the difference between a business’s current assets and current liabilities.

Working Capital = Current Assets – Current Liabilities

A current asset is an asset that can be easily converted to cash within a year. Current assets include cash, cash equivalents, accounts receivable, stock inventory, marketable securities, prepaid liabilities, and other liquid assets. A current liability is any debt that is expected to be repaid within a year. Current liabilities include obligations such as accounts payable and amounts due to suppliers, employee wages, and payroll tax withholding.

Ideally, current assets should be greater than current liabilities but for many businesses, that’s not always the case.

Negative working capital is when a company’s current liabilities are greater than its current assets, as stated on the firm’s balance sheet. While that may sound like a risky proposition, some businesses are able to dip into periods of negative working capital without any ill effects.

Negative working capital commonly arises when a business generates cash very quickly because it can sell products to its customers before it has to pay the bills to its vendors for the original goods or raw materials. It then uses that cash to purchase more inventory or expedite growth in other ways. By doing this, the company is effectively using the vendor’s money as an interest-free loan. The firm still has an outstanding liability, however, which means it can end up with negative working capital.

Positive Working Capital

Positive working capital is when a company’s current assets exceed its current liabilities. It’s the opposite of negative working capital and is usually a good position for a company to be in. Positive working capital means your business will be able to fulfill its financial obligations in the coming year and still have cash leftover to deal with any market disruptions (or other challenges) and/or invest in growth.

In order to be approved for a small business loan, businesses usually need to have a positive working capital, since many loans require assets as collateral. If the business is upside down on its debts vs. its assets, it may have trouble getting approved. However, working capital is one of many factors that lenders look at when approving loans.

Is it possible to have too much positive working capital? Yes. If assets are sitting somewhere and not helping the business grow and generate further revenue, then it’s possible they could be better used elsewhere to fuel the company’s next phase of development. To be competitive in today’s market, leveraging growth for healthy, steady business expansion is often essential.

Zero Working Capital

Zero working capital is when a company’s current assets are the same amount as its current liabilities. Having zero working capital can be a good sign, suggesting that the company is managing its resources effectively, maintaining just enough liquidity to cover its short-term obligations without tying up excess capital in non-productive assets.

However, having zero working capital can also signify that the company is operating on thin margins and doesn’t have much room for error. If unexpected expenses arise or if there’s a downturn in sales, the company could face liquidity problems.

Sometimes, a company might intentionally maintain zero working capital for a short period, perhaps to finance a specific project or investment. However, this is typically not a sustainable long-term strategy.

How to Calculate Negative Working Capital

Negative working capital is calculated by subtracting current liabilities from current assets. If liabilities exceed assets, the result is negative working capital. The formula is the same as the formula for working capital, with the end result being negative:

Negative Working Capital = Current Assets – Current Liabilities

Here’s a negative working capital example:

A gaming retailer buys $1.5 million worth of the latest console directly from the manufacturer. It sells every console within the first day, but doesn’t have to pay its bill for the next 45 days. So it uses this influx of cash to buy more consoles and further increase revenues. In this case, negative working capital works because sales are growing. As a result, this retailer should not have trouble meeting its short-term financial obligations as they become due.

Recommended: How to Calculate Cash Flow

How Negative Working Capital Arises

While negative working capital might seem alarming, there are situations where it can be a strategic choice or a temporary condition. Here’s a look at some reasons why a company might have negative working capital.

•  Industry norms: Some industries naturally operate with negative working capital due to their business models. For example, retail businesses often collect cash from customers before paying suppliers for inventory. This allows them to operate with negative working capital, using suppliers’ credit to finance their operations.

•  Rapid growth: A company experiencing rapid growth might have negative working capital because it’s investing heavily in inventory and receivables to support increased sales. While this can strain short-term liquidity, it’s often seen as a sign of expansion and can be managed if the growth trajectory is sustainable.

•  Seasonal variation: Businesses that experience seasonal fluctuations in sales may have negative working capital during slow periods when they build up inventory and receivables in anticipation of higher demand.

•  Efficiency goals: In some cases, companies deliberately manage their working capital to optimize efficiency. They may prioritize cash flow by delaying payments to suppliers or accelerating the collection of receivables, even if it results in negative working capital on their balance sheet.

When Is Negative Working Capital Good vs Bad?

As mentioned, negative working capital can either be good or bad. Let’s take a closer look at why.

Good Negative Working Capital

Negative working capital can be a good thing when companies are able to sell their inventory faster than their suppliers expect payment. This cash surplus allows the company to purchase more inventory or spur growth in other ways. In this scenario, the vendor is essentially financing part of the company’s operating and investment expenses — similar to a zero-interest loan.

Negative working capital can also provide a company with greater flexibility and agility to respond to changing market conditions or unexpected expenses, while also allowing it to take advantage of growth opportunities as they arise.

Recommended: Business Loan vs Personal Loan: Which Is Right for You?

Bad Negative Working Capital

As soon as a company is unable to pay its operational costs or suppliers on time, negative working capital can shift from good to bad. Even if a company may have utilized negative working capital in the past without issues, a hiccup in sales can hurt operations fast. Negative working capital leaves a company with minimal cushion to absorb the unexpected.

If a business must constantly delay payments to vendors and suppliers, it could strain relationships with those partners. Over time, suppliers may become reluctant to extend credit or offer favorable terms, which could affect a company’s ability to secure necessary goods and services.

Recommended: 15 Types of Business Loans to Consider

Which Industries Typically Have Higher Negative Capital?

Companies with rapid turnover of inventory or services and make their money through cash often have negative working capital. This includes large food stores, retailers, fast food restaurants, service-oriented business, e-commerce companies, and software companies.

Strategies for Dealing With Negative Working Capital

To stay on top of negative working capital, business owners may want to:

1.   Fully understand the flow of cash within your company. Using a business balance sheet to track income and expenses can help you pinpoint money issues that could contribute to negative working capital.

2.   Keep track of account receivables.

3.   Analyze how long it takes to completely sell through inventory batches.

4.   Optimize billing cycles to space out expenses to match estimated sales.

Recommended: How Much Does it Cost to Start a Business?

The Takeaway

Negative working capital is a state in which a company’s current liabilities exceed its current assets. Negative net working capital is fine as long as a company is able to pay its operational expenses and suppliers on time. If it is unable to do so, however, its long-term financial health may be in jeopardy.

While negative working capital can offer certain advantages in terms of cash flow management and flexibility, it’s essential for companies to carefully monitor and manage their working capital levels to avoid potential pitfalls and maintain financial stability.

If you’re seeking financing for your business, SoFi can help. On SoFi’s marketplace, you can shop top providers today to access the capital you need. Find a personalized business financing option today in minutes.

With SoFi’s marketplace, it’s fast and easy to search for your small business financing options.

FAQ

What does negative working capital indicate?

Negative working capital can indicate a business has a high inventory turnover, meaning it’s able to sell off inventory before any amount is owed to the supplier. On the other hand, it can also mean that the business is having difficulty receiving on-time payments from its customers.

Is negative working capital typically a bad thing to have?

Not necessarily. Businesses in retail or fast-moving consumer goods often operate with negative working capital because they receive payment from customers before paying their suppliers. However, negative working capital can also signify liquidity issues, financial distress, or strained supplier relationships if the company is unable to meet its short-term obligations.

Can working capital being too high be a problem?

Yes. High working capital often means that a significant portion of the company’s assets is tied up in short-term assets like cash, accounts receivable, and inventory. If these assets are not being efficiently utilized, it can lead to lower returns on investment and reduced profitability.

Photo credit: iStock/designer491

SoFi’s marketplace is owned and operated by SoFi Lending Corp. See SoFi Lending Corp. licensing information below. Advertising Disclosures: SoFi receives compensation in the event you obtain a loan through SoFi’s marketplace. This affects whether a product or service is featured on this site and could affect the order of presentation. SoFi does not include all products and services in the market. All rates, terms, and conditions vary by provider.


Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

Third-Party Brand Mentions: No brands, products, or companies mentioned are affiliated with SoFi, nor do they endorse or sponsor this article. Third-party trademarks referenced herein are property of their respective owners.

SOSMB-Q424-006

Source: sofi.com

Apache is functioning normally

A trade credit is a business-to-business (B2B) transaction where one business is able to procure goods or services from the other without immediately paying for them. It’s called a trade credit because when a seller allows a buyer to pay for goods or services at a later date, they are extending credit to the buyer.

Trade credit can be a great tool for a small business that can free up cash flow and grow a company’s assets. However, there are some drawbacks, including a short financing window and potentially high interest if you need to extend that window.

Here’s what every small business needs to know about trade credit.

Key Points

•  Trade credit is a short-term financing arrangement where a supplier allows a business to purchase goods or services and pay at a later date, typically within 30 to 120 days.

•  It helps businesses maintain cash flow by deferring payments, allowing them to use available funds for other operational needs.

•  Trade credit generally does not carry interest if paid within the agreed-upon terms, making it a cost-effective financing option.

•  Strong trade credit terms can enhance relationships with suppliers, encouraging future collaborations.

•  Delayed payments may result in penalties or strained relationships with suppliers.

How Does Trade Credit Work?

Trade credit is a formal name for a common agreement between two companies where one company is able to purchase goods from the other without paying any cash until an agreed upon date. You can think of trade credit the same way as 0% financing, but with shorter terms. Sometimes trade credit is also referred to as vendor financing.

Sellers that grant their customers trade credit generally give them anywhere between 30 and 120 days to pay for the goods or services they received on credit. The range, however, can be higher or lower depending on the industry and individual seller.

Often, the seller will offer the buyer a discount if they settle their account earlier than the balance due date. If they do offer a discount, the terms of the trade credit sale are usually written in specific format. For example, if the seller offers a 5% discount if the invoice is paid within 20 days, but is willing to give the buyer a maximum of 45 days to pay the invoice, that agreement would be written as:

5/20, net 45.

If the buyer is unable to pay their invoice within the set time period (which is 45 days in the above example), the vendor will typically charge interest. If that happens, trade credit is no longer an interest-free form of financing.

Recommended: 15 Types of Business Loans to Consider

Common Terms

Common terms used in trade credit include:

•  Net terms: This specifies the number of days the buyer has to pay the invoice, such as “Net 30” or “Net 60,” meaning payment is due within 30 or 60 days.

•  Discount terms: Offers a discount for early payment, like “2/10, Net 30,” meaning a 2% discount is available if paid within 10 days.

•  Credit limit: The maximum amount a supplier allows a buyer to purchase on credit at one time.

•  Invoice: A detailed bill issued by the supplier outlining goods or services provided and the payment due.

•  Grace period: The extra time allowed beyond the due date to settle the account without incurring penalties.

Types of Trade Credit

The three main types of trade credit include:

1.   Open Account: The most common form, where the supplier delivers goods or services and the buyer agrees to pay by a specified date, usually 30 to 120 days later.

2.   Promissory Note: A formal written agreement where the buyer promises to pay the supplier by a certain date, often used when open accounts are not available.

3.   Trade Acceptance: The buyer signs a formal agreement accepting the supplier’s terms and acknowledging their obligation to pay at a future date. Trade acceptance is sometimes used for larger or international transactions.

Who Uses Trade Credit?

Business trade credit is very common in the B2B ecosystem. Businesses that use trade credit include:

•  Accountants/bookkeepers

•  Advertising/marketing agencies

•  Construction/landscaping companies

•  Food suppliers

•  Restaurants

•  Manufacturers

•  Wholesalers

•  Retailers

•  Cleaning services

Pros and Cons of Trade Credit

Pros and Cons of Trade Credit for Buyers

Pros of trade credit for buyers include:

•  Frees up cash: Because payment is not due until later, trade credits improve the cash flow of businesses, enabling them to sell goods they acquired without having to pay for those goods until a future date. It can be a good option for companies expanding into a new market or that have seasonal peaks and dips.

•  Possible discount: Depending on the trade credit agreement, if the buyer pays the invoice within a certain amount of time, they may receive a discount on the goods or services they purchase.

•  0% interest: The cost of capital can be a burden on some small businesses. If the buyer can settle the invoice within the agreed upon time frame, there is no interest charged on this type of financing.

Cons of buyers using trade credit include:

•  Short payment period: The length of the trade credit payment term varies, but they are often 120 days or less, which is shorter than most types of small business loans. For a growing small business, this may not be enough time. Companies that need a longer repayment period may want to look into other types of debt instruments.

•  It’s easy to over-commit: With discounts and wholesale prices, it can be tempting to buy too much of a particular good. Not only does this create excess inventory, but it also creates a bigger debt obligation.

•  Possible penalties for late payments: Depending on the trade credit agreement, there may be negative consequences for late payments, such as interest or a fine. In addition, the company might report your late payment to the credit bureaus, which could damage your business’s credit score.

Recommended: Getting a Cash Flow Loan for Your Small Business

Pros and Cons of Trade Credit for Sellers

Pros of using trade credit for sellers include:

•  Beat out competitors: Companies offering trade credit may be able to gain an advantage over industry peers that don’t offer trade credit. Because it can be difficult for some small businesses to get a bank loan, they may seek out suppliers offering trade credit.

•  Develop a strong relationship with clients: Offering trade credit increases customer satisfaction, which can lead to customer loyalty and repeat business.

•  Increase sales: Trade credits are still sales even if payment is delayed. Trade credit can also encourage customers to purchase in higher volumes, since there is no cost to the financing. Therefore, a trade credit can provide the opportunity for growth and expansion.

Cons of trade credit for sellers include:

•  Delayed revenue: If your business has plenty of cash, this may not be an issue. However, if budgets are tight, delayed revenue could make it difficult to cover your operating costs.

•  Risk of buyer default: Sometimes customers are unable to pay their debts. Depending on the trade credit agreement, there may be little to nothing the seller can do other than sell the debt to a collection agency at a fraction of the cost of the goods provided.

•  Less profit with early payment discounts: If the seller offers a discount for early payment, they will earn less on the sale than they otherwise would.

Recommended: Understanding Business Liabilities

Trade Credit Accounting

Trade credit needs to be accounted for by both buyers and sellers. The process, however, will vary depending on the company’s accounting method — specifically, whether they use accrual vs cash accounting.

With accrual accounting (which is used by all public companies), revenue and expenses are recorded at the moment of transaction, not when money actually changes hands. With cash accounting, on the other hand, a business records transactions at the time of making payments.

A seller who offers trade credits and uses accrual accounting can face some complexities if the buyer ends up paying early and getting a discount or defaulting (and never paying). In this case, the amount received doesn’t match their account receivables and the difference becomes an account receivable write-off, or liability that must get expensed.

Trade Credit Instruments

Typically, the only formal document used for trade credit agreements is the invoice, which is sent with the goods, and that the customer signs as evidence that the goods have been received. If the seller doubts the buyer’s ability to pay in the allotted time, there are credit instruments they can use to guarantee payment.

Promissory Note

A promissory note, or IOU, is a legal document where the borrower agrees to pay the lender a certain amount by a set date. While it’s usually used for repaying borrowed money, it can also be used to pay for goods or services.

Commercial Draft

One hitch with a promissory note is that it is typically signed after delivery of the goods. If a seller wants to get a credit commitment from a buyer before the goods are delivered, they may want to use a commercial draft.

A commercial draft typically specifies what amount needs to be paid by what date. It is then sent to the buyer’s bank along with the shipping invoices. The bank then asks the buyer to sign the draft before turning over the invoices. After that, the goods are shipped to the buyer.

Banker’s Acceptance

In some cases, a seller might go even further than a commercial draft and require that the bank pay for the goods and then collect the money from the customer. If the bank agrees to do this, they must put it in writing — which is called a banker’s acceptance. It means that the banker accepts responsibility for payment.

Trade Credit Trends

Trade credit is widely used worldwide. In fact, the World Trade Organization estimates that 80% to 90% of all world trade relies on trade credit in some capacity. It’s so widespread that it’s given rise to a type of financing called accounts receivable financing (also known as invoice financing).

With invoice financing, a company that offers trade credit can get a loan based on their outstanding invoices, effectively enabling them to get paid early. When they receive payments from their customers, they give that money (plus a fee) to the financing company.

Recommended: Understanding Business Liabilities

The Takeaway

Trade credit in business is very common and occurs when one company purchases goods or services from another company but doesn’t pay until a later date.

Essentially an interest-free loan, trade credit can be particularly rewarding for young businesses or seasonal businesses that may find themselves occasionally strapped for cash. A key drawback of trade credit, however, is that the buyer is generally expected to pay the invoice relatively quickly, sometimes within a month or two. For many small businesses, that may not be enough time, and they might be better served by getting a small business loan.

If you’re seeking financing for your business, SoFi can help. On SoFi’s marketplace, you can shop top providers today to access the capital you need. Find a personalized business financing option today in minutes.

With SoFi’s marketplace, it’s fast and easy to search for your small business financing options.

FAQ

What is an example of trade credit?

Let’s say a restaurant offers kobe beef on its menu and gets its beef from a food supplier in Japan. The supplier offers them a 5/30, net 60 trade. This means that the restaurant has 60 days to pay for a shipment of beef. If they pay the invoice within 30 days, however, they will receive a 5% discount on the purchase price.

Are there any benefits to trade credit?

Yes, benefits of trade credit include interest-free financing for buyers, improves cash flow for buyers, increases sales volumes for sellers, and it builds strong relationships and customer loyalty for sellers.

When do businesses typically use trade credit?

Businesses use trade credit either when they do not have the capital on hand to make a purchase or they need to temporarily free up cash for other expenses. Trade credit is also a good option for young businesses that may not qualify for other forms of business financing.

Photo credit: iStock/Hiraman

SoFi’s marketplace is owned and operated by SoFi Lending Corp. See SoFi Lending Corp. licensing information below. Advertising Disclosures: SoFi receives compensation in the event you obtain a loan through SoFi’s marketplace. This affects whether a product or service is featured on this site and could affect the order of presentation. SoFi does not include all products and services in the market. All rates, terms, and conditions vary by provider.


Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

Third-Party Brand Mentions: No brands, products, or companies mentioned are affiliated with SoFi, nor do they endorse or sponsor this article. Third-party trademarks referenced herein are property of their respective owners.

Disclaimer: Many factors affect your credit scores and the interest rates you may receive. SoFi is not a Credit Repair Organization as defined under federal or state law, including the Credit Repair Organizations Act. SoFi does not provide “credit repair” services or advice or assistance regarding “rebuilding” or “improving” your credit record, credit history, or credit rating. For details, see the FTC’s website .

SOSMB-Q424-007

Source: sofi.com

Apache is functioning normally

Tesla’s ‘We, Robot’ event was the talk of the town — for reasons both good and bad — but one thing caught our eye during Elon Musk’s presentation. And it wasn’t Tesla’s self-driving taxi.

As the company unveiled its revolutionary Tesla Optimus robots, which walked among the crowds at the event, Elon Musk revealed some of the robots’ impressive capabilities.

In a video, Optimus was shown performing tasks that would typically be handled by humans, like carrying a package inside from the porch and even watering plants. Naturally, the house featured in the “We, Robot” presentation caught our eye — particularly since it boasted impeccable design and oodles of contemporary appeal.

And it turns out, the beautiful home is for sale, and it sports a $6,850,000 price tag (Jason Peteler of Revel Real Estate and Matthew Yim of Coldwell Banker hold the listing).

Like Fancy Pants Homes’ content? Be sure to follow us on MSN

Showcasing Tesla Optimus in a home setting

Photo courtesy of Tesla, Inc.

Located in Brentwood, Los Angeles, the house served as a backdrop to the polished presentation video that showcased Tesla’s Optimus Robot and its many capabilities.

The video marked the first time Tesla’s humanoid robot has ever been featured inside a home. It also gave us a better understanding of the types of tasks Optimus can take on around a house, which included cleaning up, serving drinks, and carrying groceries inside.

Driving millions of views

Photo courtesy of Tesla, Inc.

While it has since been taken down, the video of Tesla Optimus interacting with the home had already generated over 9 million views on X and 1.5 million views on YouTube — making both the robot and the property global talking points.

Luckily, some Tesla fans thought to save it and share it on their own accounts, so you can still check out the official video here.

The home in the background of the video

Photo credit: Josh Spooner and Todd from LA Light

According to the brokerage that’s representing the property, Tesla selected this listing from hundreds of other options because of its sleek, modern design that perfectly aligns with their brand.

“It’s truly the ideal showcase for the future of technology in a residential setting, and we’re thrilled to have been a part of it,” a Revel Real Estate spokesperson told us.

It’s currently for sale

Photo credit: Josh Spooner and Todd from LA Light

The property is currently listed for $6,850,000 with Jason Peteler of Revel Real Estate and Matthew Yim of Coldwell Banker.

“We at Revel are proud to work with such cutting-edge developers that Tesla would choose our property over all other available options in Los Angeles to unveil this technology,” said Jason Peteler, Luxury Estates Director of Revel Real Estate. 

“This collaboration is a perfect blend of innovation, luxury, and forward-thinking design, and we’re honored to be part of Tesla’s vision for the future.”

Inside the cutting-edge home

Photo credit: Josh Spooner and Todd from LA Light

Located in Mandeville Canyon, a small, affluent community in the Brentwood neighborhood of Los Angeles, the showstopping home is nestled behind 10-foot gates on a serene road off of Mandeville. 

Set on a 0.44-acre lot, the home has 5 bedrooms and 6 baths across 4,007 square feet of luxuriously appointed living space.

What didn’t make it into Tesla’s video presentation

Photo credit: Josh Spooner and Todd from LA Light

As you enter the main level, you are welcomed by elegant common areas such as a formal dining room and a living room with a wood-burning fireplace.

The kitchen that caught our eye

Photo credit: Josh Spooner and Todd from LA Light

The kitchen — heavily featured in the video — has an impressive 14′ Rosso Levanto marble island and an elegant bar with a stylish wallpaper background that quickly caught the eye of everyone watching the video presentation (myself included).

A serene primary suite

Photo credit: Josh Spooner and Todd from LA Light

Upstairs, the primary suite is a sanctuary of luxury, offering separate his and hers bathroom vanities and closets.

And an equally modern bath

Photo credit: Josh Spooner and Todd from LA Light

The elegant primary bathroom complements the bedroom and has a spa-like design with sleek, modern vanities, and an oversized walk-in shower.

Extra exposure for the Brentwood home

Photo credit: Josh Spooner and Todd from LA Light

Since the sleek Brentwood home is now also prominently featured on Tesla’s promotional images for their hyped Optimus robot, it’s bound to garner increased interest for the listing.

The property has been on the market since March 2024 and has seen a couple of price adjustments since first listing, with the most recent one bringing the asking price down to the current $6,850,000 (previously $6,998,000, per public records).

More stories

This $30M modern Brentwood mansion is the Michael Jordan of homes

$12M dome-shaped home in Brentwood is a “love letter to geometry”

A midcentury masterpiece: Richard Neutra-designed Adler House in Crestwood Hills lists for $2.9M

Source: fancypantshomes.com

Apache is functioning normally

When you’re facing $100,000 in student loan debt, you may wonder if you’ll ever be able to pay it all off. To make it even more daunting, you’re probably facing tens of thousands of dollars in interest charges.

Fortunately, there are a number of strategies to make your payments manageable and more affordable. Learn how to pay off 100K in student loans and find the repayment option that’s best for you.

Understanding Your $100,000 Student Loan Debt

According to the Education Data Initiative, 8% of borrowers owe more than $100,000 in student loan debt. As the interest continues to build on the loan, you’ll owe even more than $100,000 over time. That’s what makes living with student loan debt so challenging.

For example, if you have a $100,000 loan balance with a 7% interest rate and a 10-year repayment term, you’ll owe $39,330 in interest payments over the life of the loan. So your $100,000 loan becomes $139,330, with monthly payments of $1,161.

The longer you take to pay off your $100,000 in student loans, the more you’ll pay. But of course, your payments also need to fit into your budget each month, along with your rent, utilities, and other necessities.

Breaking Down Federal and Private Loans

There are key differences between federal and private student loans that can affect how you repay what you owe. Federal student loans come from the Department of Education, while private student loans are offered by private institutions like banks, credit unions, and online lenders.

Federal student loans have fixed interest rates, flexible repayment options, and federal protections and programs such as income-driven repayment plans and loan forgiveness.

Private student loans are often used to help fill the gap that federal loans, scholarships, and other financial aid doesn’t cover. These loans may have fixed or variable interest rates, and they often require a cosigner. Private student loans don’t offer the same flexible repayment options or federal programs that federal student loans do.

Check to see what kinds of loans you have. You may have federal student loans only or a combination of federal and private student loans. Knowing exactly what your loans are will help you determine the best way to tackle your debt.

Recommended: Student Loan Debt Guide

Calculating Interest and Total Repayment Costs

Once you’ve identified the kinds of student loans you have, calculate how much your total repayment cost, including interest, will be based on the loan term of your current repayment plan. With federal student loans, unless you pick another plan, you will automatically be placed on the 10-year Standard Plan.

You can check with your student loan service provider to get your total student loan costs. You can also use a student loan calculator or calculate it yourself.

To determine how much the monthly simple interest on your loan will be, you first need to calculate the daily interest on the loan. To do this, divide the loan’s interest rate by 365 and multiply that number by the principal amount. Then multiply the resulting number by the number of days in your billing cycle.

On a $100,000 loan with an interest rate of 6.00% and a repayment term of 10 years, your monthly payment would be $1,110.21, and $276.88 of that would be interest.

That adds up to $33,224.60 in interest over the life of the loan, giving you a total loan repayment cost of $133,224.60.

Creating a Budget and Repayment Plan

To start paying off $100,000 in student loans, it helps to create a budget. You might consider using a popular budgeting technique such as the 50/30/20 rule, which allocates 50% of your income toward needs (housing, utilities, bills), 30% toward wants (nonessential items like dining out and entertainment), and 20% toward savings and investments. You may decide to forgo a big chunk of the wants and direct that extra money into paying off your student loans.

Once you’ve set up a budget, evaluate your loan repayment options. The Standard Plan with its 10-year repayment term might not be the best choice for you, especially if the monthly payments are too steep. Instead, you may want to consider income-driven repayment (IDR) plans. These plans are designed for borrowers who have a high debt relative to their income.

With income-driven repayment, your monthly payment amount is based on your income and family size. Your loan term will be approximately twice as long as on the Standard Plan. However, the longer loan term means you will pay more interest over time.

Exploring Loan Consolidation and Refinancing

Student loan consolidation and refinancing are two other possible options to help manage student loan debt.

Consolidating Federal Student Loans

When you have multiple federal student loans, you can consolidate them into a new federal Direct Consolidation Loan. With this loan, you can choose more flexible loan terms, like a longer time to repay the loan. You’ll also simplify your payments. Instead of making several different loan payments, with consolidation you make just one payment.

Refinancing with Private Lenders

When you refinance your student loans, you replace your current loans with a new loan from a private lender. Ideally, you might be able to qualify for better rates and terms.

It’s possible to refinance private student loans, federal student loans, or a combination of both types. However, if you refinance your federal student loans into private loans, you’ll lose access to the federal programs and protections those loans offer, such as deferment, forbearance, forgiveness, and income-driven repayment plans.

Recommended: Private Student Loans Guide

Weighing the Pros and Cons

There are benefits and drawbacks to refinancing and consolidating your student loans. Here are the pros and cons of each option.

Pros of federal student loan consolidation:

•   Simplified payments.You’ll have a single monthly loan payment, rather than multiple payments.

•   Lower monthly payment. You might be able to get a lower monthly payment, but that means you’ll make more payments over a longer term.

•   Longer loan term. Consolidation gives you the flexibility to choose a lengthier loan term.

Cons of federal student loan consolidation:

•   Consolidation may result in more payments and interest over time if you extend your loan term.

•   With consolidation you might lose certain benefits such as interest rate discounts, principal rebates, and loan cancellation benefits.

•   A longer loan term could mean you’ll be making payments for years longer than your original term.

•   Consolidating your loans might cause you to lose credit for payments made toward income-driven repayment plan forgiveness.

Refinancing student loans also has advantages and disadvantages.

Pros of student loan refinancing:

•   You may get a lower interest rate. If you qualify for a lower interest rate, you could save money. A student loan refinancing calculator can help you determine what you might save.

•   You might qualify for better terms. You may be able to extend the length of your loan, which could lower your monthly payment.

•   Simplified payments. With refinancing, you only have one payment each month, rather than multiple loan payments.

Cons of student loan refinancing:

•   You’ll lose federal protections and programs. When you refinance your student loans with a private lender, you lose all federal benefits and protections, including deferment and forbearance.

•   No access to income-driven repayment plans. IDR plans are another thing you give up with refinancing.

Utilizing Repayment Assistance Programs

Loan repayment assistance programs (LRAPs) are another resource that could help you manage your student debt. States, employers, and other organizations may offer these programs that can help you repay your student loans.

Do some research to find out if there are any LRAPs you might qualify for — for instance, some are offered to college grads that work in public service fields — and check with your employer to find out if they offer such a program.

Strategies for Accelerating Loan Repayment

There are several different strategies for repaying your student loans faster, which could help you save money over the long term. Here are some options to consider.

•   Start paying off your loans sooner. If possible, make student loan payments while you’re still in school or during the six-month grace period after graduation. If you can’t afford to make full payments, pay off enough to cover the interest each month and keep it from accruing.

•   Sign up for automatic payments. Making your loan payments automatic will ensure that they’re made on time, and prevent any late penalty charges. Plus, you may get an interest rate deduction for enrolling in an automatic payment program.

•   Pay a little extra each month. Paying more than the minimum on your loan can help you pay off the loan faster. It can also reduce the amount of interest you’ll pay.

•   Put any extra money toward your loans. Use a windfall, a tax refund, or birthday money from family members to help pay off your student loan.

•   Consider student loan refinancing. With refinancing you may be able to qualify for a lower interest rate or a shorter loan term.

The Takeaway

A student loan debt of $100,000 might seem daunting, but there are ways to repay your loans that might also save you money or allow you to pay off your loans faster. Options include income-driven repayment plans, putting additional money toward your loan payments each month, loan consolidation, or student loan refinancing. Weigh the pros and cons of the different options to decide which one is best for you.

Looking to lower your monthly student loan payment? Refinancing may be one way to do it — by extending your loan term, getting a lower interest rate than what you currently have, or both. (Please note that refinancing federal loans makes them ineligible for federal forgiveness and protections. Also, lengthening your loan term may mean paying more in interest over the life of the loan.) SoFi student loan refinancing offers flexible terms that fit your budget.

With SoFi, refinancing is fast, easy, and all online. We offer competitive fixed and variable rates.

FAQ

How long will it take to pay off 100K in student loans?

The length of time it will take to pay off $100K in student loans depends on a variety of factors, including the repayment plan you choose and whether or not you regularly make extra payments toward your student loans each month. For instance, if you’re on the Standard Repayment plan for federal student loans and you don’t make additional payments on your loans, it will typically take you 10 years to pay off your loans. If you opt for an income-driven repayment plan, your loan repayment term will generally be 20 years or longer.

Can I settle student loan debt for less than I owe?

It’s difficult to settle student loan debt for less than you owe. However, if you find yourself in very dire circumstances and your loans are in default, you may be able to get a student loan settlement. That means you pay off your student loans for less than you owe typically in one lump sum, depending on the settlement terms. Your lender must be willing to work with you in order to qualify for a student loan settlement. Check with your loan servicer for more information.

What happens if I can’t make my student loan payments?

If you can’t make your student loan payments, reach out to your lender or loan servicer right away to let them know you’re struggling. They will explain the options you have, which might include income-driven repayment plans, forbearance, or deferment. It’s important to reach out to the lender or loan servicer immediately because if you miss payments, they may report the missed payments to the credit reporting agencies, which can hurt your credit.

Photo credit: iStock/damircudic

SoFi Student Loan Refinance
SoFi Student Loans are originated by SoFi Bank, N.A. Member FDIC. NMLS #696891. (www.nmlsconsumeraccess.org). SoFi Student Loan Refinance Loans are private loans and do not have the same repayment options that the federal loan program offers, or may become available, such as Public Service Loan Forgiveness, Income-Based Repayment, Income-Contingent Repayment, PAYE or SAVE. Additional terms and conditions apply. Lowest rates reserved for the most creditworthy borrowers. For additional product-specific legal and licensing information, see SoFi.com/legal.

SoFi Loan Products
SoFi loans are originated by SoFi Bank, N.A., NMLS #696891 (Member FDIC). For additional product-specific legal and licensing information, see SoFi.com/legal. Equal Housing Lender.

Third-Party Brand Mentions: No brands, products, or companies mentioned are affiliated with SoFi, nor do they endorse or sponsor this article. Third-party trademarks referenced herein are property of their respective owners.

Non affiliation: SoFi isn’t affiliated with any of the companies highlighted in this article.

Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.

SOSLR-Q324-005

Source: sofi.com

Apache is functioning normally

Though mortgage interest rates rose this past week, the relatively small increase may be a sign things are settling down. After a surprisingly strong Oct. 4 jobs report drove rates rapidly upward, interest rates are beginning to normalize. In the week ending Oct. 17, the average 30-year fixed-rate mortgage rate rose six basis points, averaging 6.46%. A basis point is one one-hundredth of a percentage point.

Mortgage interest rates in the mid-sixes don’t feel great. The current average is about half a percentage point higher than it was a month ago. But remember also that today’s interest rates are more than three-quarters of a percentage point lower than the highs we saw back in spring.

So here’s the $415,000 question — since that’s roughly the median sales price for an existing home, according to data from the National Association of Realtors. Where are mortgage interest rates headed?

Explore mortgages today and get started on your homeownership goals

Get personalized rates. Your lender matches are just a few questions away.

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Regular folks think rates will fall

Consumers are feeling darn good about where mortgage interest rates are headed. In September, the Fannie Mae Home Purchase Sentiment Index saw record levels of optimism, with 42% of consumers expecting mortgage interest rates to decline over the next 12 months.

As noted above, mortgage rates have fallen over the past six months or so. But especially for folks who aren’t rate watchers, widespread anticipation of Federal Reserve action was likely spreading the positive vibes. In September, after holding steady for more than a year, the Fed dropped its federal funds rate — the one interest rate the central bankers actually control — by 50 basis points.

The Fed finally moving into a rate-cutting cycle may have shifted consumer perceptions more than mortgage rates falling on their own. A NerdWallet survey conducted by the Harris Poll in July — when mortgage rates were already falling — found that 15% of Americans planned to purchase a home once rates go down. Coupled with likely future Fed cuts, that rate positivity could turn more homebuying hopefuls into serious shoppers.

Explore mortgages today and get started on your homeownership goals

Get personalized rates. Your lender matches are just a few questions away.

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Housing economists temper expectations

While consumer surveys don’t get into specifics, housing economists most certainly do. And while there’s a broad consensus that mortgage interest rates will trend lower throughout the next year, these are not drop-everything-and-start-house-hunting numbers.

Government-sponsored enterprise Fannie Mae, which supports the housing market by purchasing and securitizing home loans, updates its interest rate predictions monthly. As of September, Fannie Mae anticipates 30-year fixed interest rates to end this year at 6.2%. Its overall 2025 forecast currently calls for the gentlest slope, with rates falling from 6% in the first quarter to 5.7% in the fourth quarter of 2025.

Another monthly forecast comes from real estate finance industry group the Mortgage Bankers Association. The MBA’s September forecast is nearly identical to Fannie Mae’s, with rates ending 2024 at 6.2%. But the MBA predicts even less of a drop next year, with rates ending 2025 at 5.8%.

The National Association of Realtors, which is the country’s largest trade association, updates its rates forecast less frequently. But in fresh numbers from the beginning of October, NAR expects a similar trend: Rates would close this year at 6.1% and wrap up 2025 at 5.8%.

Overall, there’s consensus among both consumers and industry economists that mortgage interest rates are headed down. But a decline of roughly 10 basis points per quarter (just a tenth of a percentage point) is probably not what regular people are thinking when they say they’re expecting rates to fall. Remember, though, that even the most well-informed expert predictions are just that — predictions. We’ll all have to wait and see what actually happens.

Source: nerdwallet.com

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All college students are required to declare a major, but what about a minor? This is a question many students find themselves asking halfway through their college curriculum.

Knowing about what a minor is, what it entails, and if it’s something that can bolster your career can help determine if it’s really right for you.

Keep reading to learn more about what a college minor is, how it differs from a major, and the pros and cons that come with it.

Defining a College Minor

A college minor, sometimes referred to as a “mini major,” is a group of courses you take in a certain discipline. Minors in college can complement your chosen college major or be totally unrelated.

While most colleges don’t require a student to declare a minor, some do. Schools may have a definitive criteria about your choice of minor. For instance, you may not be able to pursue a minor in the same department as your major.

For the most part a college minor is voluntary, and a student may not feel it’s important enough to take on the additional coursework in addition to their main area of study. Instead, they may want to have complete freedom to use those class credits for electives that may not be as labor intensive.

Differences Between a Major and Minor

Your major is the main area of specialty that determines the type of bachelor’s degree you’ll earn. It’s the field of study you’ve chosen based on your professional aspirations. One way to think of it is that your major is your primary job and your minor is more of a side gig.

When you’re finally awarded your college diploma, it will be for your major, not your minor. That’s because a college minor is typically considered optional and not a requirement for your core curriculum. Even if your school is one that does require you to choose a minor, it won’t be reflected on your degree unless your school is one with an exception to that rule. However, it will most likely be included in your college transcript.

Another key distinction between a college major and a minor is the amount of coursework you have to complete and how much it counts toward your final credits. Depending on your school, a major will make up one-third to one-half of the school’s credits needed to graduate, which is typically 120 credits for a four-year program.

In general, a college major will require you to complete at least 10 courses compared to five to seven classes for a minor. A minor typically requires anywhere between 16 and 30 credits.

Recommended: Credit Hours: What Are They & Why They Matter

Benefits of Pursuing a College Minor

There are many upsides to tacking on a college minor. If you’re wondering whether or not it’s worth pursuing, consider these pros:

Explore Complementary Interests

A college minor related to your major allows you to expand your expertise in that related field. For instance, if you’re a biology major and decide to minor in chemistry, you’re already familiar with the basics of science and look at things from a scientific perspective. There are similar analytical skills you can apply.

But even if your minor is in a different area, there are still ways it can positively impact your major. An example is if you’re majoring in political science, you may want to minor in public speaking, which can be helpful if you have any ambitions to run for elected office.

You may even find your minor is more exciting and decide to change your major to that area of interest, or decide to combine the two disciplines and pursue a double major.

However, before making any big changes, it’s a good idea to talk to your academic advisor. Depending on when you decide to do a change-up, it could add extra time toward getting your degree. This can translate into additional costs and more student debt.

Develop Secondary Skill Sets

Regardless of whether your minor directly corresponds to your major, you’re acquiring and polishing both hard and soft skills. Those more technical hard skills can be directly applied to the type of work your career requires. Soft skills, on the other hand, are more of a social and interpersonal nature. Both are important to employers and offer skills they want their prospective employees to have under their belt.

Enhance Marketability and Job Prospects

Homing in on a subject offers you the opportunity to develop more of an in-depth knowledge and expertise. A minor shows your well-roundedness, flexibility, and the ability to wear other hats. For example, a marketing major who minored in communications can be an asset in the areas of advertising, journalism, and public relations.

A complementary minor can also give you a more solid base and deeper understanding of some issues you may deal with in your occupation. If a nursing major chooses to minor in psychology, it can help them better understand patient behavior.

Overall, a minor shows a level of seriousness and willingness to challenge oneself. These are qualities that can go a long way and put you at an advantage when applying for your first job out of school, graduate school, or even for a college internship.

Recommended: 6 Ways to Save Money for Grad School

Popular College Minor Options

There are certain college minors that attract more students than others. Here are some popular ones:

STEM Minors

STEM, which stands for science, technology, engineering, and math, consists of natural, physical, and life sciences; computers; electronics and other types of tech; all kinds of engineering; mathematics; and areas that rely on the principles of math. Examples of STEM minors include computer science, kinesiology or exercise science, civil engineering, and statistics.

Deciding on a STEM subject for your minor can give you a leg up in the job market. According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, job opportunities in the STEM field are expected to grow 7% by 2032, compared to 2% for all occupations.

Business Minors

With a business minor, you can take classes in accounting, marketing, human resources, and e-commerce. Choosing business as a minor allows you to learn the fundamentals of business, which can be extremely valuable and practical out in the real world.

Knowing more about how business is conducted and becoming more savvy about finance benefits you both professionally and personally. Career-wise, it can come in handy if you’re applying for a job that may require a deeper understanding of certain business practices. In your own life, you may even get a better handle on your own financial situation when it comes to managing private student loans and staying on top of how to pay for college.

Recommended: 4 Student Loan Repayment Options and How to Choose the Right One for You

Liberal Arts Minors

Liberal arts is a field with a broad range of disciplines, including creative arts, social sciences, humanities, and more. People who decide to minor in liberal arts may choose sub-studies in English, psychology, sociology, anthropology, philosophy, or communication.

For someone with a very demanding major, a liberal arts minor can offer a less taxing curriculum. Instead of being geared toward technical skills, liberal arts classes give students an opportunity to focus on critical thinking, collaboration, creativity, and verbal and written communication skills.

Language and Cultural Minors

Minors specializing in different aspects of cultural heritage and language can expose a student to different world views, beliefs, and practices.

A foreign language minor allows you the ability to become bilingual or multilingual, which is a huge asset in the workforce where there’s an increasing demand for people who speak other languages. You may want to expand on your high school language classes or minor in a completely new one.

A language minor may also be one in linguistics, which is the study of language structure, including phonetics, syntax, semantics, and the history of how language has changed over time. Students may also find there’s an option at their college to minor in American Sign Language.

Cultural studies minors are designed to study all types of cultures, their histories, and perspectives. These can include groups based on class, gender, ethnicity, race, religion, and geographical location. Classes in popular culture, women’s studies, world religions, and African-American or Asian studies are some examples of cultural studies minors.

Choosing a Complementary College Minor

Picking a minor in general adds extra knowledge and allows you to build more expertise in another subject. Minoring in a complementary course of study, however, shows you’re serious about exploring an area that closely aligns with your major.

Regardless of whether your minor directly corresponds to your major, you’ve decided to use a portion of your credits toward another group of required classes, and that indicates a commendable level of focus and commitment.

Potential Drawbacks of a College Minor

There are some cons that can come with declaring a minor. For one, a minor can take up a lot of time, so you’ll want to make sure it’s an area you’re genuinely curious about and have a real interest in. Consider the amount of work you’ll have to do, such as writing papers, studying, and taking exams. These additional classes could end up adding unnecessary stress to your major’s workload.

A minor could also end up costing you more money, especially if you declare a minor late in the game. You may not be able to get all the necessary classes before graduation, which means you may have to extend your education by a semester or more.

The Takeaway

A minor is, in most cases, an optional supplementary course of study that can broaden your knowledge, expand your skill set, and open up more career options after graduation. Having a college minor can also make your undergrad studies a lot more fun, especially if it’s a topic where you have a strong personal interest.

Ways to finance your minor include cash savings, scholarships, grants, and both federal and private student loans.

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FAQ

What’s the difference between a minor and concentration?

A minor can be a secondary course of study in any area, while a concentration is a sub-group of structured classes that directly relate to your major. For example, if you’re an English major, your concentration may be in creative writing, made up of poetry, fiction, nonfiction prose, and dramatic writing classes.

Do minors appear on your diploma or transcript?

Minors will appear on your transcript, but the mass majority of colleges and universities don’t include it on your diploma. The standard practice is to list only the student’s major on their bachelor’s degree.

How late in your college career can you add a minor?

Most colleges ask students to choose their major by the end of sophomore year or beginning of their junior year, which can also be an ideal time to choose a minor. You could declare it before you start your senior year, but it’s important to consider the fact you’ll have to cram all of that minor’s classes into one year’s time. This could impact your graduation date if you need to carry your studies over to another semester in order to fulfill your minor’s requirements.

Do minors impact financial aid eligibility?

It depends. Federal financial aid rules mandate only courses required for your major and degree program are eligible. However, classes required for a minor may be eligible for financial aid if they also satisfy major, core, or elective requirements for your degree. Otherwise, financial aid will be reconfigured or removed to reflect eligibility based on qualifying courses.

Photo credit: iStock/Drazen Zigic

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