When most people talk about money management, they discuss tactics. Occasionally, you’ll encounter someone who elevates the discussion to strategy, rather than simply scattershot tactics.
But what’s missing from both conversations — both tactics and strategy — is a wider-lens look at how to become a better thinker; how to become a crisp, clear decision-maker.
How to think from first principles. How to better your brain. How to cultivate the wisdom to know the next move.
This series is an attempt to bring first principles thinking into the conversation around money. Welcome to the inaugural post.
Welcome back to First Principles, my series with an alternate definition of FIRE — Financial Psychology, Investing, Real Estate and Entrepreneurship.
Today we’ll dive right in with the question on everyone’s mind: is a recession looming?
Financial Psychology
Are we in a recession?
Short answer: Possibly. I may even go as far as to say “probably.”
A recession is defined as two consecutive quarters of negative economic growth, as measured by GDP. (Notice that recessions reflect the state of the economy, not the stock market. We’ll come back to that in a moment.)
By definition, a recession is only visible in hindsight, after two negative-growth quarters have passed. This means it’s possible we’re already in a recession. It’s also possible that one may be looming.
Why now?
What’s behind this (potential) recession? In a word: inflation.
As I’m sure you know, the Federal Reserve has been raising interest rates. (There have already been 5 rate hikes so far in 2022!)
The Fed is tasked with a “dual mandate” to control both inflation and the risk of recession; this “dual mandate” exists because controlling inflation necessarily carries a recessionary risk.
But why?
To control inflation, the Fed must make money more expensive to access. When borrowing becomes more expensive, people and companies do less of it, which slows spending and growth. This could lead to a couple of consecutive negative-growth quarters, which is, by definition, a recession.
What does this mean for you?
Recessions vary along three dimensions:
(1) severity
(2) duration
(3) frequency
It’s tempting to think that a recession will impact us in the same ways as the Great Recession of 2008.
This is due to a few cognitive biases, including:
Recency bias — our tendency to overestimate that an event that occurred recently will re-occur again, or to assign greater importance to things that have happened most recently.
Salience bias — our tendency to focus on events and facts that are remarkable (the headline-grabbers), rather than events and facts that are mundane.
Availability bias — our tendency to think that examples that most easily come to mind are more important or significant than they actually are.
The Great Recession of 2008 was (1) recent; (2) remarkable; and (3) easy to recall.
Its remarkability and ease-of-recall stems from the fact that the Great Recession was both high-severity AND long-duration. It felt personal; millions lost their jobs and homes, which meant that this recession impacted us in the most visceral, tangible ways possible.
For all those reasons, it’s easy to assume that every recession will look, feel and behave similarly to the Great Recession.
But will it?
Let’s turn our attention to 2022, and look at the many factors that are different this time around, including:
(1) Unemployment is at a record low. Despite the occasional warning headline (e.g. Tesla will be reducing its salaried headcount by 10 percent), the unemployment rate remains 3.6 percent as of May 2022, according to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.
(2) Housing prices continue to rise, despite higher interest rates, due to imbalances in supply-demand fundamentals. The cost of materials (such as lumber) remains high, which increases construction costs and therefore home values.
(3) Consumer spending remains strong, particularly in discretionary areas such as travel and dining. Despite higher fuel prices, airlines are seeing strong demand for flights.
What does this mean?
We may or may not already be in a recession, or enter one in the near future.
But if we do, there’s a chance this might be experienced as an “on-paper” recession, in which the daily lives of the average middle-class worker isn’t strongly affected.
If unemployment remains low, consumer spending stays strong, and inflation gets roped into check, there’s a chance that this recession will be forgotten. It might be long-duration, but low-severity.
Of course, this is one of a range of possibilities, and as you know, I’m not in the business of prognostication.
But it’s worth making the point that we shouldn’t let our cognitive biases lead us astray. Don’t assume that the next recession will resemble the conditions of 2008.
SPOTLIGHT ON…
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I have a secret for you: it’s not too late to find good deals.
Even though parts of the US market are crazy, there are still good deals to be found; you just have to know where to look.
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Investing
Recessions reflect the economy, not the stock market.
Let’s return to the definition of a recession: two consecutive quarters of negative economic growth, as measured by GDP. This definition doesn’t directly relate to stock prices.
But investors react in varied ways.
There are two popular styles of investing: growth and value.
Growth investors tend to sell (or not buy) during recessions. When companies expect lower profits, growth investors are usually unwilling to pay a high price for a share of that company, so stocks can fall.
But this is counterbalanced by value investors who pick up shares of the ‘winners,’ the companies and stocks that they believe have been maligned by the market and that will emerge strong during the recovery.
Hence, the volatility.
So let’s zoom out and look at what’s happening now:
Everything (except real estate) is falling.
Stocks are volatile. Crypto is depressed. Bonds are unattractive.
And that’s not surprising, given the liquidity patterns of the past two years.
At the start of the pandemic, $10 trillion in liquidity got pumped into the monetary system. Investors used that liquidity to buy all types of assets — stocks, bonds, crypto, housing — triggering a massive spike in the value of all asset classes across the board. (It’s no surprise that “meme stocks” like GameStop and AMC Theaters became a thing at the exact moment when millions received “stimmy” checks.)
Two years ago, people were already asking the question, “what should I invest in when everything is expensive?”
Last year, that question only became louder and more pronounced.
It’s reasonable that today, as liquidity is getting removed from the system and capital becomes harder to access, the values of these assets will gyrate for awhile, then stabilize at a “new normal,” with valuations that reflect market fundamentals such as earnings and expectations.
What does that mean for you?
Expect that the rest of 2022, perhaps 2023, could be volatile. Stocks, crypto and bonds may swing for awhile as investors try to figure out the “new normal.”
But these types of events are how the market cleans itself.
The poorly-run companies run out of money and fold. Better companies take their place. And the broad market, over the long-term, reflects the growth of the winners.
Many fantastic companies started during the Great Recession; many new companies will be created during the next one.
Real Estate
We created a massive, multi-day email series to deep-dive into recession and inflation in 2022 — and specifically, to talk about how it could impact the housing market.
It’s waaayyyy too detailed to summarize into this post, so I’d suggest signing up to get this multi-day email series.
If you’re even thinking about buying real estate, either as an investor or as an owner-occupant, you’ll find a ton of value in this free email series.
Get the free email series
Entrepreneurship
One of the most interesting stats to watch in coming months relates to the unemployment rate.
Right now, many entrepreneurs are struggling to hire talent. The labor market is tight. Small businesses are having a tough time competing with the salary and benefits packages offered by major corporations.
Many real estate investors (which is a specific subset of entrepreneurship) have spent years lamenting how hard it is to hire contractors — because many contractors are booked, busy, and in high demand.
Given the record-low unemployment, that’s not surprising.
If the labor market loosens, it might become easier to hire. And that will be a blessing for small business owners and real estate investors who are trying to find top talent, especially 1099 contractor talent.
Again, this is why many great companies tend to be launched during recessions:
One of the best times to create a business is when skilled talent is looking for work.
Hope you enjoyed this issue of First Principles.
I’ll see you in the next issue. Until then!
Click here if you want future posts like this straight to your inbox with more thoughts, ideas and insights on a new take on FIRE.
The more conversations I have (both via The Best Interest and my full-time job), the more I see people overlooking and underestimating the most foundational principle of personal finance.
What is this simple fundamental? I’ll get to it in 30 seconds.
Instead of focusing on this fundamental, though, investing usually gets the glory.
“Should I invest in stocks? Which companies? What’s going to happen in 2024?”
“How much should I put in my 401(k)? What about my Roth?”
“Are 529 accounts worthwhile? What about HSA accounts?”
These are all good questions that someone should eventually understand. I get it. Investing is cool!
If not investing, then taxes are the next most popular topic.
“We earned way more income this year than we expected…any tricks to reduce my tax bill?”
“I’m retiring soon and worried about RMDs…how do I go about tax planning?”
Again, I get it. Who wants to overpay taxes? It’s another great topic. But both investing and taxes put the cart before the horse.
Because the financial fundamental that most people overlook is monthly cash flow. Your cash flow is the foundation of everything else in your economic life. All the other important stuff (investing, tax planning, all of it) comes after understanding your monthly cash flow.
What is “Monthly Cash Flow?”
What, precisely, do I mean by “monthly cash flow?” Quite simply, it’s your Income minus your Expenses. Yes – it’s that simple. Income minus expenses. Simple, but not easy.
When experts evangelize “spend less than you earn” or “pay yourself first,” they preach the gospel of positive monthly cash flow. When they suggest you budget and track your expenses, they ask you to measure your monthly cash flow.
After all, where are your investment dollars coming from? You’re not pulling them from thin air. They can only come from having a positive monthly cash flow. Investing follows positive cash flow.
A negative monthly cash flow has an inevitable – and painful – floor. You’ll run out of money. You’ll go into debt. Or go bankrupt. However you define it, you’ll achieve financial failure. None of us want that. Charles Dickens had a point in his novel David Copperfield, where the character Wilkins Micawber stated:
“Annual income twenty pounds, annual expenditure nineteen nineteen and six, result happiness. Annual income twenty pounds, annual expenditure twenty pound ought and six, result misery.”
Measuring Monthly Cash Flow
How do you measure monthly cash flow? I have two suggestions:
Up until ~June this year, I used the app YNAB religiously. I’ll explain why I stopped below. But I still think YNAB is the best budgeting/tracking app out there, and I’d recommend it before any others. YNAB is detailed, granular, and a perfect tool for measuring monthly cash flow.
But now that I’m married, my wife and I wanted to combine finances – including finding a budgeting/tracking method that works for both of us. We settled on a simple Google Sheets spreadsheet. We update the sheet every month with our current account figures. That allows me to do a month-to-month comparison and measure monthly cash flow.
If you’re not doing something like this, I’m concerned for you. Why? Because I’ve seen firsthand where someone:
Knew their income. It’s easy to measure, after all. Their family took home $10,000 per month.
And they assumed they knew their expenses. Roughly $7,000 per month.
Hooray! Positive cash flow of $3,000 per month…right?!
So, I asked this person:
Great. If we look back on your bank accounts (and investing accounts) from a year ago, can we see the (roughly) $36,000 in growth? …a $3,000 monthly surplus times 12 months = $36,000. We should be able to see that money and check that your cash flow measurement is accurate.
Can you guess where this is going? The money wasn’t there. There was no measurable growth over the past year whatsoever. I see this same story play out over, and over, and over…
Missing money?! Scary stuff!
You’re probably asking yourself: How can that be?! How can someone be “missing” $36,000 per year?
It’s always the same culprit. Always. They assumed they knew their expenses at $7,000 per month. They were wrong. It’s that simple.
They either measured poorly, or didn’t measure at all, or created a budget before spending and then never tracked their real spending after the fact.
Perhaps they accounted for typical monthly expenses but forgot to include big, one-time expenses. Your $10,000 family vacation is very real, even if it’s not a monthly expense. Pro tip: take those big one-time expenses and divide them by 12. You now have a monthly expense to add to the ledger.
A poor understanding of your expenses (your spending!) is both common and near-impossible to overcome. You have to earn a ridiculous amount of money to no longer care about your spending. One reader confessed to me that his annual income has been ~$400,000 for 10+ years, but he has barely saved beyond his 401(k).
How?! Spending.
It’s very rarely a poor understanding of your income. Income is usually one or two paychecks a month. Very easy.
Spending involves dozens (maybe hundreds?) of transactions per month. Measuring spending is tedious. And it might force you to face painful conclusions, like, “I haven’t been on the Pelaton in 8 months, but I’m still paying for it…”
Nevertheless, you can’t manage what you don’t measure. You need to understand your spending to know your monthly cashflow.
Brick By Brick…
Personal finance can be thought of like a building. It takes planning, “materials,” and plenty of time to build.
Your monthly cash flow is the foundation upon which all growth occurs. If you know it, you’re rock solid. If not, you’re building on quicksand.
Thank you for reading! If you enjoyed this article, join 7500+ subscribers who read my 2-minute weekly email, where I send you links to the smartest financial content I find online every week.
-Jesse
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A Roth IRA is an individual retirement account that allows you to contribute after-tax dollars, and then withdraw the money tax free in retirement. A Roth IRA is different from a traditional IRA, which is a tax-deferred account: meaning, you contribute pre-tax dollars — but you owe tax on the money you withdraw later.
Many people wonder what a Roth IRA is because, although it’s similar to a traditional IRA, the two accounts have many features and restrictions that are distinct from each other. Roth accounts can be more complicated, but for many investors the promise of having tax-free income in retirement is a strong incentive for understanding how Roth IRAs work.
What Is a Roth IRA?
A Roth IRA is a retirement account for people who want to make after-tax contributions. The trade-off for paying taxes upfront is that when you retire, all of your withdrawals will be tax free, including the earnings and other gains in your account.
That said, because you’re making after-tax contributions, you can’t deduct Roth deposits from your income tax the way you can with a traditional IRA.
Understanding Contributions vs Earnings
An interesting wrinkle with a Roth IRA is that you can withdraw your contributions tax and penalty-free at any time. That’s because you’ve already paid tax on that money before initially depositing or investing it.
Withdrawing investment earnings on your money, however, is a different story. Those gains need to stay in the Roth for a minimum of five years before you can withdraw them tax free — or you could owe tax on the earnings as well as a 10% penalty.
It’s important to know how the IRS treats Roth funds so you can strategize about the timing around contributions, Roth conversions, as well as withdrawals. 💡 Quick Tip: Want to lower your taxable income? Start saving for retirement with a traditional IRA. The money you save each year is tax deductible (and you don’t owe any taxes until you withdraw the funds, usually in retirement).
Roth IRA Eligibility
Technically, anyone can open any type of IRA, as long as they have earned income (i.e. taxable income). The IRS has specific criteria about what qualifies as earned income. Income from a rental property isn’t considered earned income, nor is child support, so be sure to check.
There are no age restrictions for contributing to a Roth IRA. There are age restrictions when contributing to a traditional IRA, however.
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Roth IRA Annual Contribution Limits
For 2024, the annual limit is $7,000, and $8,000 for those 50 and up. The extra $1,000 is called a catch-up provision, for those closer to retirement.
For 2023, the annual contribution limits for both Roth and traditional IRAs was $6,500, or $7,500 for those 50 or older. So, there was a $500 increase in contribution limits between 2023 and 2024.
Remember that you can only contribute earned income. If you earn less than the contribution limit, you can only deposit up to the amount of money you made that year.
One exception is in the case of a spousal Roth IRA, where the working spouse can contribute to an IRA on behalf of a spouse who doesn’t have earned income.
Other Roth IRA Details
Since Roth IRAs are funded with after-tax income, contributions are not tax-deductible. One exception for low- and moderate-income individuals is something called the Saver’s Credit, which may give someone a partial tax credit for Roth contributions, assuming they meet certain income and other criteria.
Note that the deadline for IRA contributions is Tax Day of the following year. So for tax year 2023, the deadline for IRA contributions is April 15, 2024. But, if you file an extension, you cannot further postpone your IRA contribution until the extension date and have it apply to the prior year.
Roth IRA Income Restrictions
In addition, with a Roth there are important income restrictions to take into account. Higher-income individuals may not be able to contribute the full amount to a Roth IRA; some may not be eligible to contribute at all.
It’s important to know the rules and to make sure you don’t make an ineligible Roth contribution if your income is too high. Those funds would be subject to a 6% IRS penalty.
For 2023:
• You could contribute the full amount to a Roth as long as your modified adjusted gross income (MAGI) was less than $138,000 (for single filers) or less than $218,000 for those married, filing jointly.
• Single people who earned more than $138,000 but less than $153,000 could contribute a reduced amount.
• Married couples who earned between $218,000 and $228,000 could also contribute a reduced amount.
For 2024 the numbers have changed and the Roth IRA income limits have increased:
• For single and joint filers: in order to contribute the full amount to a Roth you must earn less than $146,000 or $230,000, respectively.
• Single filers earning more than $146,000 but less than $161,000 can contribute a reduced amount. (If your MAGI is over $161,000 you can’t contribute to a Roth.)
• Married couples who earn between $230,000 and $240,000 can contribute a reduced amount. (But if your MAGI is over $240,000 you’re not eligible.)
If your filing status is…
If your 2023 MAGI is…
If your 2024 MAGI is…
You may contribute:
Married filing jointly or qualifying widow(er)
Up to $218,000
Up to $230,000
For 2023 $6,500 or $7,500 for those 50 and up. For 2024 $7,000 or $8,000 for those 50 and up.
$218,000 to $228,000
$230,000 to $240,000
A reduced amount*
Over $228,000
Over $240,000
Cannot contribute
Single, head of household, or married filing separately (and you didn’t live with your spouse in the past year)
Up to $138,000
Up to $146,000
For 2023 $6,500 or $7,500 for those 50 and up. For 2024 $7,000 or $8,000 for those 50 and up.
From $138,000 to $153,000
From $146,000 to $161,000
Reduced amount
Over $153,000
Over $161,000
Cannot contribute
Married filing separately**
Less than $10,000
Less than $10,000
Reduced amount
Over $10,000
Over $10,000
Cannot contribute
*Consult IRS rules regarding reduced amounts. **You did live with your spouse at some point during the year.
Advantages of a Roth IRA
Depending on an individual’s income and circumstances, a Roth IRA has a number of advantages.
• No age restriction on contributions. With a traditional IRA, individuals must stop making contributions at age 72. A Roth IRA works differently: Account holders can make contributions at any age as long as they have earned income for the year.
*You can fund a Roth and a 401(k). Funding a 401(k) and a traditional IRA can be tricky, because they’re both tax-deferred accounts. But a Roth is after-tax, so you can contribute to a Roth and a 401(k) at the same time (and stick to the contribution limits for each account).
• Early withdrawal option. With a Roth IRA, an individual can generally withdraw money they’ve contributed at any time, without penalty (but not earnings on those deposits). In contrast, withdrawals from a traditional IRA before age 59 ½ may be subject to a 10% penalty.
• Qualified Roth withdrawals are tax-free. Investors who have had the Roth for at least five years, and are at least 59 ½, are eligible to take tax- and penalty-free withdrawals of contributions + earnings.
• No required minimum distributions (RMDs). Unlike IRAs, which require account holders to start withdrawing money after age 73, Roth IRAs do not have RMDs. That means an individual can withdraw the money as needed, without fear of triggering a penalty.
Disadvantages of a Roth IRA
Despite the appeal of being able to take tax-free withdrawals in retirement, or when you qualify, Roth IRAs have some disadvantages.
• No tax deduction for contributions. The primary disadvantage of a Roth IRA is that your contributions are not tax deductible, as they are with a traditional IRA and other tax-deferred accounts (e.g. a SEP IRA, 401(k), 403(b)).
• Higher earners often can’t contribute to a Roth. Affluent investors are generally excluded from Roth IRA accounts, unless they do what’s known as a backdoor Roth or a Roth conversion. (There are no income limits for converting a traditional IRA to a Roth, but you’ll have to pay taxes on the money that goes into the Roth — though you won’t face a penalty.)
• The 5-year rule applies. The 5-year rule can make withdrawals more complicated for investors who open a Roth later in life. If you open a Roth or do a Roth conversion at age 60, for example, you must wait five years to take qualified withdrawals of contributions and earnings, or face a penalty (some exceptions to this rule apply; see below).
Last, the downside with both a traditional or a Roth IRA is that the contribution limit is low. Other retirement accounts, including a SEP-IRA or 401(k), allow you to contribute far more in retirement savings. But, as noted above, you can combine saving in a 401(k) with saving in a Roth IRA as well. 💡 Quick Tip: Did you know that you must choose the investments in your IRA? Once you open a new IRA and start saving, you get to decide which mutual funds, ETFs, or other investments you want — it’s totally up to you.
Recap: Roth IRA Withdrawal Rules
Because Roth IRA withdrawal rules can be complicated, let’s review some of the ins and outs.
Qualified Distributions
Since you have already paid tax on the money you deposit, you’re able to withdraw contributions at any time, without paying taxes or a 10% early withdrawal penalty.
For example, if you’ve contributed $25,000 to a Roth over the last five years, and your investments have seen a 10% gain (or $2,500), you would have $27,500 in the account. But you could only withdraw up to $25,000 of your actual deposits.
Withdrawing any of the $2,500 in earnings would depend on your age and the 5-year rule.
The 5-Year Rule
What is the 5-year rule? You can withdraw Roth account earnings without owing tax or a penalty, as long as it has been at least five years since you first funded the account, and you are at least 59 ½. So if you start funding a Roth when you’re 60, you still have to wait five years to take qualified withdrawals.
The 5-year rule applies to everyone, no matter how old they are when they want to withdraw earnings from a Roth.
There are some exceptions that might enable you to avoid owing tax or a penalty.
Non-Qualified Withdrawals
Non-qualified withdrawals of earnings from a Roth IRA depends on your age and how long you’ve been funding the account.
• If you meet the 5-year rule, but you’re under 59 ½, you’ll owe taxes and a 10% penalty on any earnings you withdraw, except in certain cases.
• If you don’t meet the 5-year criteria, meaning you haven’t had the account for five years, and if you’re less than 59 ½ years old, in most cases you will also owe taxes and a 10% penalty.
There are some exceptions that might help you avoid paying a penalty, but you’d still owe tax on the early withdrawal of earnings.
Exceptions
Again, these restrictions apply to the earnings on your Roth contributions. (You can withdraw direct contributions themselves at any time, for any reason, tax and penalty free.)
You can take an early or non-qualified withdrawal prior to 59 ½ without paying a penalty or taxes, as long you’ve been actively making contributions for at least five years, in certain circumstances, including:
• For a first home. You can take out up to $10,000 to pay for buying, building, or rebuilding your first home.
• Disability. You can withdraw money if you qualify as disabled.
• Death. Your heirs or estate can withdraw money if you die.
Additionally you can avoid the penalty, although you still have to pay income tax on the earnings, if you withdraw earnings for:
• Medical expenses. Specifically, those that exceed 7.5% of your adjusted gross income.
• Medical insurance premiums. During a time in which you’re unemployed.
• Qualified higher education expenses.
Not only are the early withdrawal restrictions looser than with a traditional IRA, the post-retirement withdrawal restrictions are lesser, as well. Whereas account holders are required to start taking distribution of funds from their IRA after age 73, there is no pressure to take distribution from a Roth IRA at any age.
Roth IRA vs Traditional IRA
There are certain things a Roth IRA and a traditional IRA have in common, and several ways that they differ:
• It’s an effective retirement savings plan: Though the plans differ in the tax benefits they offer, both are a smart way to save money for retirement.
• Not an employer-sponsored plan: Individuals can open either type of IRA through a financial institution, and select their own investments or choose an automated portfolio.
• Maximum yearly contribution: For 2023, the annual limit is $6,500, with an additional $1,000 allowed in catch-up contributions for individuals over age 50. For 2024 it’s $7,000, and $8,000 if you’re 50 and older.
There are also a number of differences between a Roth and a traditional IRA:
• Roth IRA has income limits, but a traditional IRA does not.
• Roth IRA contributions are not tax deductible, but contributions you make to a traditional, tax-deferred IRA are tax deductible.
• Roth IRA has no RMDs. Individuals can withdraw money when they want, without the age limit imposed by a traditional IRA.
• Roth IRA allows for penalty-free withdrawals before age 59 ½. While there are some restrictions, an account holder can typically withdraw contributions (if not earnings) before retirement.
Is a Roth IRA Right for You?
How do you know whether you should contribute to a Roth IRA or a traditional IRA? This checklist might help you decide.
• You might want to open a Roth IRA if you don’t have access to an employer-sponsored 401(k) plan, or if you do have a 401(k) plan but you’ve already maxed out your contribution there. You can fund a Roth IRA and an employer-sponsored plan.
• Because contributions are taxed immediately, rather than in retirement, using a Roth IRA can make sense if you are in a lower tax bracket or if you typically get a refund from the IRS. It may also make sense to open a Roth IRA if you expect your tax bracket to be higher in retirement than it is today.
• Individuals who are in the beginning of their careers and earning less might consider contributing to a Roth IRA now, since they might not qualify under the income limits later in life.
• A Roth IRA can be helpful if you think you’ll work past the traditional retirement age.
The Takeaway
A Roth IRA has many of the same benefits of a traditional IRA, with some unique aspects that can be attractive to some people saving for retirement. With a Roth IRA you don’t have to contend with required minimum distributions (RMDs); you can contribute to a Roth IRA at any age; and qualified withdrawals are tax free. With all that, a Roth IRA has a lot going for it.
That said, not everyone is eligible to fund a Roth IRA. You need to have earned income, and your annual household income cannot exceed certain limits. Also, even though you can withdraw your Roth IRA contributions at any time without owing a penalty, the same isn’t true of earnings.
You must have been funding your Roth for at least 5 years, and you must be at least 59 ½, in order to make qualified withdrawals of earnings. Otherwise, you would likely owe taxes on any earnings you withdraw — and possibly a penalty. Still, the primary advantage of a Roth IRA — being able to have an income stream in retirement that’s completely tax free — can outweigh some of the restrictions for certain investors.
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FAQ
Are Roth IRAs insured?
If your Roth IRA is held at an FDIC-insured bank and is invested in bank products like certificates of deposit (CDs) or money market account, those deposits are insured up to $250,000 per depositor, per institution. On the other hand, if your Roth IRA is with a brokerage that’s a member of the Securities Investor Protection Corporation (SIPC), and the brokerage fails, the SIPC provides protection up to $500,000, which includes a $250,000 limit for cash. It’s important to note that neither FDIC or SIPC insurance protects against market losses; they only cover losses due to institutional failures or insolvency.
How much can I put in my Roth IRA monthly?
For tax year 2023, the maximum you can deposit in a Roth or traditional IRA is $6,500, or $7,500 if you’re over 50. How you divide that per month is up to you. You just can’t contribute more than the annual limit.
Who can open a Roth IRA?
Anyone with earned income (i.e. taxable income) can open a Roth IRA, but your income must be within certain limits in order to fund a Roth.
Tax Information: This article provides general background information only and is not intended to serve as legal or tax advice or as a substitute for legal counsel. You should consult your own attorney and/or tax advisor if you have a question requiring legal or tax advice.
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When you think about retirement planning, you may feel like you’re doing alright, especially if you’re contributing part of your monthly paycheck to your employer-sponsored 401(k) plan. You may even have visions of growing old by the ocean or tapping into your Bohemian side with some global travel.
But to truly live the retired life you dream of, rather than scraping the bottom of your savings accounts, you need to be well-prepared. While a 401(k) is a great start, there are other tools you can take advantage of to diversify and maximize your retirement savings.
That’s where a Roth IRA comes in.
This tax-friendly retirement account can not only bolster your retirement money but can also help relieve your future tax burden. An IRA does come with a few rules attached to it, plus some eligibility requirements. However, when used wisely, it can really work to your advantage when it comes time to retire.
We’ll take you step-by-step through everything you need to know to make sure you qualify and how to use a Roth IRA to its fullest.
What is a Roth IRA?
A Roth IRA (Individual Retirement Account) is a type of retirement savings account that allows you to save and invest money for retirement on a tax-advantaged basis.
Contributions to a Roth IRA are made with after-tax dollars, meaning you cannot claim a tax deduction for the money you contribute. However, once the money is in the account, it can grow tax-free, and you can withdraw it tax-free in retirement.
This can be extremely beneficial because the money you contribute to a Roth IRA should grow (ideally substantially) between when you put cash in and when you start to take it out. But since you pay income taxes on it the first time around, you don’t have to do it again, even though the amount is larger.
You get to pick the investments in which to place your Roth IRA funds, such as:
How does a Roth IRA work?
A Roth IRA comes with many tax benefits, which is why it’s so popular these days. Even if you have a 401(k), it’s a great tax-advantaged addition to your retirement plan. And if you’re self-employed or don’t have a 401(k) at work, it’s a good start to investing for your retirement goals.
Here’s how a Roth IRA works:
Eligibility: To be eligible to contribute to a Roth IRA, you must have earned income and your income must fall below certain thresholds.
Contributions: You can contribute up to a certain amount each year to a Roth IRA, depending on your age and income. Contributions are made with after-tax dollars and are not tax-deductible.
Investment options: You can invest the money in your Roth IRA in a variety of ways, such as stocks, bonds, mutual funds, and exchange-traded funds (ETFs).
Tax benefits: Earnings on your investments grow tax-free, and you can withdraw your contributions and earnings tax-free in retirement as long as you meet certain conditions.
Withdrawals: You can withdraw your contributions to a Roth IRA at any time without penalty. However, you may owe taxes and a penalty if you withdraw your earnings before you reach age 59 1/2 and have not held the account for at least five years.
Roth IRAs can be a valuable tool for saving for retirement, especially for people who expect to be in a higher tax bracket in retirement than they are now.
How much can you contribute to a Roth IRA?
As long as you meet certain income requirements (which we’ll discuss shortly), you can contribute up to $6,000 a year to your Roth IRA. That number jumps to $7,000 if you’re at least 50 years old, helping you catch up financially and get ready faster as you approach retirement.
Plus, there are no minimum Roth IRA contribution limits when you turn 70 ½. So, you can use your Roth IRA as a way to provide your family with an inheritance.
Ready to retire early? A Roth IRA can help.
You can start making tax-free and penalty-free IRA withdrawals before you reach the traditional retirement age because you’ve already paid taxes. However, you have to pay taxes and potentially penalty fees on your earnings if you withdraw those early.
Plus, Roth IRAs aren’t just for retirement.
You can also use your funds for qualified education expenses without having to pay penalties or taxes. So, you can help pay for your own or your child’s college tuition, just as you would with a 529 plan (or in addition to it).
Although there are contribution limits, you get a lot of flexibility when you choose a Roth IRA. And when you have financial goals at any stage of life, flexibility is key.
What’s the difference between a traditional IRA and a Roth IRA?
If you’re at all familiar with retirement terminology, you may have heard of an IRA before. But there are a few key differences between a Roth IRA and a traditional IRA.
The most significant difference is when you pay your taxes. Unlike Roth IRAs, a traditional IRA allows you to take a tax deduction the year you actually contribute. So if you’re attempting to drop into a lower tax bracket or lower your overall tax payment, your traditional IRA contribution can help you do that.
Of course, there’s a catch.
When you start to take withdrawals when you retire, you’ll have to pay taxes on the full amount — including your earnings. But that’s not necessarily a bad thing.
If you’re established in your career and already earn a lot of money, you may expect your annual income to drop when you retire. You’re probably not going to withdraw your entire balance at once, so your tax rate might not be that high compared to where you are now.
Minimum Distributions
Speaking of making withdrawals from your account, you have to start taking the required minimum distributions once you hit the age of 70 ½. The minimum amount is based on a formula from the IRS comparing your age to your life expectancy.
If you want to take out funds from traditional IRAs before you reach the age of 59½, you’ll have to pay a 10% penalty on top of your income tax.
Still, like most investments, it’s good to have a diverse mix of products to help you now and in the future. You may want to consider having both a traditional IRA and a Roth IRA, particularly if you want to start lowering your annual federal tax burden.
Tax-Free Distributions
You must have a Roth IRA account opened for 5 tax years to be able to take any distributions, including earnings, that are tax-free. Furthermore, you are only eligible to take tax-free distributions for death or disability, after age 59-1/2, or for a first-time home purchase.
Roth IRA Eligibility Requirements
Unfortunately, there are restrictions on opening a Roth IRA, particularly for high-income earners. Depending on how much you make, you may be restricted on how much you can contribute, or you may not be able to make any contributions at all. Furthermore, you can only contribute earned income to a Roth IRA.
So, where do cutoffs start?
Single Tax Filer
Let’s look at single tax filers first.
For single tax filers and heads of household, you’re allowed to make the maximum contribution if you earn no more than $146,000. You can contribute a reduced amount if you earn more than $146,000, but less than $161,000. If you earn $161,000 or more, however, you can’t make any Roth IRA contributions.
Joint Tax Filer
Now let’s take a look at those married filing jointly.
You can make the maximum contribution if you earn up to $230,000 and a reduced amount if you earn between $$230,000 and $240,000. Once your annual income reaches $240,000 or more, you’re not eligible to contribute anything. Your modified adjusted gross income (MAGI) is what is used to determine IRA eligibility.
Depending on your anticipated income track over the course of your career, it may be worth opening a Roth IRA as soon as possible. That way, you can ensure that you contribute as much as possible while you still meet the requirements. You also give your investments as much time as possible to grow and compound before you’re ready to make withdrawals.
And since you can use a Roth IRA for a greater range of purposes than other types of retirement accounts, you give yourself greater financial flexibility in the future. It isn’t just about setting up a contribution each year and forgetting about it until you retire. Instead, a Roth IRA can be an active part of your near-term and long-term financial plans, like going back to school or retiring early.
How to Open a Roth IRA
Just about anywhere you conduct your financial business, whether it’s at a bank, credit union, online broker, or even a robo-advisor. Compare your options to make sure you’re getting low fees and good customer service.
Check for mutual funds with no transaction fees and ETFs that are commission-free. Some financial brokers still charge high prices for these fees. So, it’s important to make sure that you’re choosing one who will save you money in the long run. After all, those fees can really start to add up over decades of managing your Roth IRA.
Most brokers also allow you to rollover other accounts into your IRAs (both traditional IRAs and Roth IRAs). If this is a service you may need somewhere down the road, make sure your IRA broker is sophisticated enough to handle it.
Some robo-advisors, for example, may not accept rollovers. And if you leave a job where you’ve had a 401(k), you’ll want to make sure you have somewhere to put it once you’re gone.
With a bit of research and comparison, you can find a convenient, low-cost way to manage your Roth IRA over the years.
Where to Open a Roth IRA
To open up a Roth IRA, you need to select a brokerage firm. You may be able to do this at a financial institution you already work with, or you could explore other options. Both online and brick-and-mortar banks can serve as a broker. It really depends on where you want to house your investment and the type of fee structure you prefer.
Start with a bank you already use, but don’t be afraid to compare their offerings and fees to other financial institutions. It’s important to maximize your earnings so that you can retire comfortably.
How do you manage a Roth IRA?
What exactly do you need to do once you’ve opened a Roth IRA? You want to start by making contributions. You can roll over funds from a traditional 401(k) or traditional IRA, but you’ll be required to pay taxes on that money, so make sure you can handle that extra financial burden.
For 2024, you can still make a contribution to your Roth IRA for the previous year until the tax filing deadline of the following year. For instance, if you haven’t contributed the maximum amount to your Roth IRA by December 31, 2023, you have until the federal tax filing deadline in 2024 to make your contribution for 2023. The specific date of the tax filing deadline can vary each year, so it’s important to check the exact deadline for 2024.
Once you start funding your Roth IRA, it’s time to decide how you want to invest that money, just as you would with any other investment. The type of risk and diversity you select should be based on your own risk tolerance, as well as your age. If you’re in your 20s, you can pick much more aggressive investments than if you’re in your 50s.
For a low-cost approach, experts recommend either index funds or ETFs, which allow you to buy stocks and bonds that track broader markets.
Bottom Line
A Roth IRA can be an effective part of your retirement strategy, particularly considering all the tax advantages that come along with it. For the most effective retirement savings plan, look at all the options available to you. Then, see how each piece fits in the puzzle. As you inch closer and closer to retirement, continually reevaluate how you invest your savings.
For example, if you’re expecting a raise or promotion in the upcoming years that will bump you out of the income range for contributing to a Roth IRA, it may be wise to max out your contributions while you can. If you get a job with an employer that matches your 401(K) contributions, make sure you’re taking full advantage of that perk.
Constant reevaluation is necessary to make sure you’re benefitting from your retirement tools as much as possible. And you want to make sure that you’re taking care of your finances now and in the future. A Roth IRA truly is a favorite because regardless of where you are in life today, you can provide yourself with a lot of room to maneuver around whatever comes in life.
Investing in real estate is some of the oldest and most reliable financial advice in the books. Few other assets can compete with real estate’s vast array of benefits. These benefits include tax advantages, appreciation, relative impunity to market shifts, and even the potential for passive income.
But even if you have every intention of investing in real estate, it can be challenging to get started. After all, even a modest home usually requires a substantial down payment. And it can take years to save up those five-figure sums. The term “real estate investor” may bring to mind a multi-millionaire who manages several properties, leaving you feeling overwhelmed enough to give up the ghost entirely.
Fortunately, it is possible to invest in real estate with little or no money, even if you aren’t swimming in discretionary income. For instance, with an Opportunity Fund or REIT (Real Estate Investment Trust) you can get your foot in the door even if you can’t afford to purchase an entire property. There are also a host of ways to leverage your own home. These include house hacking, renting vacation space on Airbnb, and more.
In this post, we’ll break down everything you need to know about how to invest in real estate. We’ll go over some of the most common types of real estate investing. We’ll also break down how they can help you make money. And we’ll explain how you can begin, no matter how much capital you have in hand.
Why Invest in Real Estate?
Before we dig into the meat of the post, let’s take a moment to backtrack. Why is real estate investing such a well-worn piece of financial advice?
You’ve probably heard that diversifying your portfolio of real estate investments is essential. But your “portfolio” doesn’t just have to live on the stock market! Real estate investing gives you, as the name suggests, a real, tangible asset. And it’s much less vulnerable to the capriciousness of the market.
Real estate investing can help you not only build home equity but also generate passive cash flow. Both through the process of appreciation and the more intentional, hands-on approaches we’ll study further below. And owning your own home can help you reap financial benefits while simultaneously providing for one of your most basic needs.
How to Invest in Real Estate with Little Money
When a down payment might cost as much as $60,000, it’s understandable that many first-time property shoppers feel overwhelmed. They say you have to spend money to make money. Yes, but that’s quite a hefty figure for the average American earner.
To be sure, some real estate investment strategies require a good deal of cash upfront to be workable. But there are other tactics that don’t necessitate such a large lump sum to begin with. This means you don’t have to be a real estate mogul to be a property owner. We’ll break down various strategies at both ends of the spectrum below.
Types of Real Estate Investing
Let’s get into the nitty-gritty. What types of real estate can you invest in?
There are three main types of investment properties available to real estate investors.
Residential properties are probably the ones you’re most familiar with. They are exactly what they sound like: buildings used by individuals and families as residential living spaces. These properties include single-family homes, duplexes, apartments, condominiums, and townhouses, and multi-family homes (so long as they’re being used residentially and don’t exceed four units).
Commercial real estate are properties used to conduct business. They may include offices, storefronts, retail spaces, farmland, and large multi-family houses or apartment buildings.
Industrial real estate are properties that serve industrial business purposes, such as factories, power plants, or storage and shipping warehouses.
Furthermore, there are both active and passive forms of real estate investing.
Active investing is, well, active. It requires a good deal of time, energy, and commitment from the investor. Active investing may become a part- or even full-time job for the investor. They usually share ownership with few (or no) other people and thus bears a lot of responsibility for the success of the investment.
Passive investing, on the other hand, allows the investor to reap the benefits of investing without taking on the pressure and responsibility of full ownership of a tangible property. In most cases, passive investing involves supplying capital to a larger investment pool. You earn capital gains on loan interest through dividends paid to shareholders.
We’ll go into it all of this in more detail, including specific ways you can invest in real estate, both active and passive.
How Real Estate Investing Can Help You Earn
Before we break down the specific ways you can get started investing in real estate, let’s talk about how it can help you make money. (After all, that’s the whole point!)
You can invest in real estate in several ways, depending on what type of investing you’re participating in.
Equity and appreciation
Purchasing real estate equips the owner with a “hard asset”; the tangible property or building. Owning this kind of asset confers equity, or value. It isn’t as vulnerable to the fluctuations of the market as stocks, bonds, and other securities. Furthermore, property has a longstanding history of increasing in value over time, or appreciating.
On the contrary, other types of purchases (like automobiles) depreciate, or lose value. Thus, purchasing a property may allow you to earn income passively simply through the process of appreciation. It more or less ensures that the cash value of your home is a safe and stable part of your overall net worth.
Rental income
Chances are, you’ve had to pay rent to a landlord at some point in your life. Well, if you become the landlord, someone’s paying you the rent. And as long as that rental price eclipses your total expenses, including your mortgage and maintenance costs, the rest is profit!
Aside from managing the investment property, you can also collect rental income by sharing your space on platforms like Airbnb or house hacking, which we’ll explain below.
Sale profit
This happens when you buy a home with the intention to fix it up and sell it down the line (also known as “house flipping”.) It’s the difference between your sale cost and your purchase cost (minus all the expenses put into maintenance and improvements) is pure profit.
Loan interest
The interest charged on home and property loans can increase the value of real estate investments made through REITs, investment platforms, and private equity firms.
Ways to Invest in Real Estate
Now we know a bit about the different types of properties available to investors and how those real estate investments stand to help you earn cash.
So, what are the specific ways to go about real estate investing? There are several in both the “active” and “passive” categories.
Active:
House flipping, or rehabbing, is when an investor purchases a property with the sole intent of fixing it up to sell it later on.
Wholesaling is similar to flipping houses, but less work intensive. Wholesaling occurs when an investor purchases a property they believe is underpriced, so they can quickly sell it to another investor at a profit.
Rental properties give investors a long-term way to draw profit from their investments, though they do require lots of hands-on management and maintenance over time.
Airbnb, Vrbo, and other vacation rentals can often be listed for substantial per-night prices. They can be especially lucrative in high-demand travel destinations.
Passive:
Private equity funds pool the assets of many investors, which creates a larger, more powerful investment fund. These funds are usually overseen and allocated by a dedicated manager. They may have high minimum investment thresholds and requirements to join.
Opportunity funds also pool investors’ assets, but with the specific purpose of making investments in qualified Opportunity Zones. These are low-income, up-and-coming communities that would benefit from private investments and economic development.
REITs are companies that invest in commercial properties. Private investors can purchase shares of the company and earn income on capital gains in the form of dividends.
Online REIT platforms can make real estate investing accessible to beginning investors, often carrying no net worth or accreditation restrictions. They may allow you to invest in specific properties or in pre-built, diversified portfolios of real estate.
We’re going to break down these different investment options in even more detail below. But first, let’s start a bit closer to home—literally.
Starting with Your Own Home
One of the most straightforward ways to invest in real estate is probably already on your financial to-do list, anyway: purchasing your own home.
Purchasing a home of your own allows you to kill two birds with one stone. You’re taking care of the basic need of shelter, while also leveraging the purchase to reap a host of financial benefits.
Here are just a few ways that owning a home can help you save and earn money.
Build equity: As discussed above, property ownership confers relatively immutable equity to the purchaser—that is, your home is a fairly safe, tangible asset to add to your overall investment portfolio.
Receive tax benefits: Certain homeowners’ expenses, including real estate taxes and home mortgage interest, are tax-deductible. And if you sell your home, you may exclude up to $250,000 of capital gains (or $500,000 if filing jointly) from your taxes.
Take advantage of appreciation: Even accounting for the 2008 crisis, the cost of homes and other properties have steadily increased over time for the past 50 years. So, the home you purchase today will likely be worth more than the price you paid for it in the future.
Stop paying rent: Although you’ll likely still have a mortgage payment and other expenses to cover as a homeowner, you won’t be paying rent to live in another person’s property. It’s a cost that is essentially entirely wasted, since you aren’t building home equity in the rental property.
Keep the value of your home improvements: When you own a home of your own, any improvements you make will add to the property’s total value, beefing up your asset as well as beautifying your living space.
House Hacking
Another way to make money by purchasing your own home is known as “house hacking“. It’s a real estate investment strategy wherein you leverage rental income from your primary residence to live there cost-free.
The term was originally coined by entrepreneur and author Brandon Turner, who wrote “The Book on Investing in Real Estate with No (and Low) Money Down” and “The Book on Rental Property Investing.”
House hacking may be done, for example, by purchasing a duplex. The investor rents out one unit at a price that covers the mortgage cost while living in the second unit. Some homeowners have also used space-share platforms like Airbnb to offset their housing costs in the same manner.
Real estate investors can use this strategy to pay off the property and even create a profit margin. This will eventually allow them to invest in more rental properties. Thus, house hacking is a great way to combine the personal financial benefits of homeownership with the long-term earning potential of other types of property investment.
Buying a Home Without a Huge Down Payment
Given the recent trends in the housing market, you may feel daunted by the prospect of becoming a homeowner. In 2023, the U.S. housing market experienced significant challenges, with home prices rising to near-record highs.
But there are many incentives and programs designed to make this large investment more feasible for first-time home buyers.
FHA (Federal Housing Administration) Loans may allow borrowers to purchase a home with a down payment as small as 3.5% of the purchase price and with credit scores as low as 580. (You may also be approved for an FHA loan with a lower credit score, but your minimum down payment may be higher.)
The USDA also offers low-cost loans to low- and moderate-income households purchasing homes in qualified rural areas.
Down Payment Assistance Programs offered by local governments and private firms can provide grants, loans, and educational materials to prospective home buyers
Many other financial institutions and organizations also have special incentives for those purchasing their first homes or low-income families in the housing market. Make sure you check with your local housing authority to learn more about what’s available in your area.
Active Investment Opportunities
Want to get hands-on? Here are the details on some of the most popular and accessible active real estate investment opportunities.
House Flipping
If you’ve ever watched more than thirty minutes of HGTV, chances are you’re at least passingly familiar with the idea of flipping houses. It’s basically where you purchase a home with the express intent of fixing it up and selling it (at a higher cost) later.
House flipping is a great way for investors to earn a significant profit. However, they do need to know how to complete the flip successfully without incurring too many costs. Expenses can quickly eat into the investment’s return.
Finding a Home to Flip
House flippers have to be able to recognize a home that may be slightly undervalued but would be able to sell well given the proper upgrades. This involves both an understanding of the area’s desirability and the types of improvements that generate increased home value.
House flippers are responsible for the entire cost of the home purchase. They must also pay for all the upgrades, which they may either do themselves or hire out to professionals.
Either way, flipping houses incurs a hefty up-front cost, and it does come at a risk. Even after you make all the improvements, it’s possible that the house will languish on the market.
This can mean racking up maintenance, taxes, and other expenses for the real estate investor. However, a properly executed, short-term flip can create a substantial profit margin in a relatively small period of time.
Wholesaling
Like house flippers, wholesalers purchase homes with the intent of selling them quickly. But, they aren’t planning to do any heavy lifting along the way.
Instead, wholesalers find properties that are undervalued for their market. They scoop them up and resell them to other investors at a price closer to their true value. Thus, earning the difference as a profit.
Rental Properties
While managing rental properties may seem like a straightforward and reliable way to earn income, it’s one of the most work-intensive approaches on this list. It does require enough up-front capital to purchase the property (or properties) in the first place. However, landlords do stand to see substantial and steady returns in exchange for the work and effort they put into their properties.
After purchasing a viable property, which needs to be well-maintained, in a desirable location, and well-advertised, landlords are responsible for filling that property with qualified tenants. This can involve a time-consuming and labor-intensive screening process.
After all, as a landlord, you’re giving your renters the keys to your investment—literally! It can be a very risky move if you don’t take the time to ensure your tenants are well-qualified.
Finding & Qualifying Tenants
Along with running a standard background check, landlords may also conduct interviews with and request credit reports from prospective renters, all of which takes time. And don’t forget: every month your rental property is unfilled is a waste of potential income.
Once you do find qualified tenants, you’ll be responsible for a host of obligations unless you hire a property management company. You’ll need to provide maintenance and repairs. You’ll also need to stay on top of rent collection and record-keeping. It can quickly become unwieldy once you have several properties.
You’ll also need to be sure you’re in compliance with all the renters’ rights that exist in your jurisdiction, including laws that regulate the eviction process. Of course, you’ll need to put in the work to find good renters and a well-maintained property in the first place. When done so, managing rentals can provide a smooth and steady source of income for relatively little active work.
Seller Financing
Want to buy an investment property with no money down? Look into seller financing or a land contract. This is where the seller acts as the bank. You make your mortgage payments, including interest, to the seller.
After a few years or so, you will have enough equity in the home to get a bank loan. You can then make a lump sum payment to the seller.
Private & Hard Money Lenders
Private money lenders generally charge between 6% to 12% on the money borrowed. Hard money lenders usually charge 10% to 18%. Hard money loans are not from banks. They are from individuals or businesses aimed at financing real estate investments for a return on their money.
Hard money loans are used by investors who don’t qualify for conventional financing. They are typically used to fund renovations. Once the house is finished or has some equity in it, the borrower then refinances to a conventional mortgage with a lower interest rate.
Airbnb, Vacation Rentals, and Space Sharing
Managing a traditional property, wherein renters sign a multi-month lease, is not the only way to make money from an investment property. Platforms like Airbnb have revolutionized the real estate market. They allow homeowners (and sometimes even renters) to make money by renting out their space on a temporary, per-night basis as a vacation rental.
What’s more, you don’t necessarily have to rent out an entire home or unit to participate. A private room, or even a couch in a shared living room, is acceptable for some travelers using these services.
Airbnb and other vacation rental platforms make it simple for a novice renter. You don’t need to have a huge amount of know-how to start earning money this way. In fact, you don’t even necessarily have to “invest” in any property at all. Some landlords may allow their renters to list their housing on Airbnb as a sublet.
Airbnb Laws
However, as this new form of investment property has expanded, it’s created housing crunches in some cities. It’s resulting in “Airbnb laws,” or short-term rental legislation. These laws may limit your ability to use your housing in this way.
Always check your local regulations before you list your space on Airbnb or another of these types of platforms. If you don’t own the space, ensure that short-term sublets are allowed. Check your lease or ask your landlord directly.
Real Estate Investing Groups and Passive Investing
You may have noticed that many of the active real estate investment opportunities listed above do require substantial upfront capital to get started. You can’t wholesale or flip a house if you can’t purchase the house in the first place!
Furthermore, these active strategies generally involve a high level of skill, effort, and responsibility. It may not be feasible for those committed to other full-time careers.
Fortunately, there are still other ways to get involved with real estate investing, even if you don’t want to own or manage tangible property. (Or if doing so is out of financial reach for you right now). These passive investment tactics can help you glean the benefits of real estate investing without taking on quite as much of a fiscal and physical burden.
Private Equity Funds
A private equity, or PE fund, pools contributions from various investors to make larger investments. They’re often limited liability partnerships. That means there are fixed periods during which investors do not have access to their holdings.
Instead, PE funds allow investors to earn gains on debt and equity assets passively, without putting in much active work or research. Asset allocation and investments are managed by a dedicated individual or group. They earn money through annual fees as well as profit sharing.
PE funds come in various types, including the following:
Core equity funds generally invest in established commercial properties. They don’t carry risks like needing major improvements or experiencing losses for lack of consumer demand. The core strategy is simultaneously the least risky among PE funds and, typically, the least gainful.
Core plus equity funds generally follow the core strategy, but take a few more risks on properties that may require minor upgrades. This leads to a higher risk-return ratio on average.
Value added equity funds may invest in commercial properties that require substantial upgrades or new management to operate at their full potential. They may also seek to sell the property after improvements are made to create an additional profit margin.
Opportunistic equity funds offer the highest potential rewards, along with the highest risk. Investment properties purchased via these funds may need new construction or even land acquisitions. The payoff of such a new business venture is all but guaranteed. Furthermore, these developments take time, which means your investment capital may be tied up for longer. However, when they pay off, opportunistic equity funds see some of the best returns of the bunch.
Although PE funds are powerful real estate investment engines, they do often have high minimum investment requirements, generally not less than $100,000. Some funds may also be limited to accredited or institutional investors who can demonstrate available means.
Opportunity Funds
Opportunity funds operate on a similar model to private equity funds but are specifically used to make investments in qualified Opportunity Zones. These are economically distressed areas designated by the state and certified by the Secretary of the U.S. Treasury. Opportunity funds are legally required to invest 90% of their assets into properties in these Opportunity Zones.
Because these areas tend to be up-and-coming (and because tax benefits can incentivize investors to support them), opportunity funds often see substantial capital gains for their investors. And taxes incurred on those gains can be deferred until December 26, 2026.
That means the longer the investment is held before that date, the lower your overall tax liability will be. And opportunity fund investments held for at least ten years prior can expect their capital returns to be permanently excluded from capital gains taxes.
Of course, this strategy requires parting with your investment capital for a significant period of time. It’s best for those who can afford to put down the money to play the long game. If you can, however, investing in one is a great way to see substantial returns for almost zero effort.
Real Estate Investment Trusts (REITs)
A real estate investment trust(REIT) is a company that invests in commercial properties. As an investor, you purchase shares of this company just as you would any other. You earn income through its debt and equity assets in the form of shareholder dividends.
REITs operate similarly to mutual funds. They provide an excellent way for the average earner to experience the benefits of real estate investing. You don’t have to have a huge amount of capital to get started, as minimum investment requirements may be quite low.
However, they may carry high investment fees, especially in the case of private REITs (i.e., those not publicly traded on the stock market). Fees at these companies may run as high as 15%. REITs may also be illiquid and keep your money locked up for longer periods of time.
Online Real Estate Investment Platforms
In this digital, all-sharing-all-the-time age, most of us have already heard of crowdfunding. Real estate investments are no exception to the rules of the new millennium.
Online real estate investment platforms have begun springing up. They can make real estate gains achievable for average investors who may not have the towering net worth or accreditation status necessary to buy into more formal funds. Depending on the specific company, you might be able to choose specific investment properties to fund or buy into a diversified portfolio of investments.
Fees and minimum investment requirements are relatively low on real estate crowdfunding platforms. For instance, Fundrise lets you get started with just $500. That is much less than you’d have to pay to get in on most types of active investments! Check out our full review of Fundrise here.
Ready to Get Started Investing in Real Estate?
As you can see, there are several ways to start investing without saving up a five- or six-figure sum. And if you do it right, your investments can actually help you reach those high savings goals. You can then fund other types of investment projects!
However, as with any financial objective, planning and strategizing is key. Saving up as much capital as possible will help you get the best return on your investment once you’re ready.
You can’t allocate your assets without first keeping track of them, and to achieve that, you need to create a budget. If you’re in debt, aggressively paying it off will free you of a weighty financial anchor, so check out these powerful debt relief options.
Finally, if you intend to purchase property either to live in or as an investment opportunity, your credit score matters. It’s as simple as that. If your credit score isn’t quite where you want it to be, take these steps to raise it. Doing so will allow you to get the best interest rate once you’re ready to make the big purchase.
Where you live can play a major role in how enjoyable your retirement is. So, where do the happiest retirees reside? To determine which cities in the U.S. are the happiest places to retire, we studied the 200 largest metropolitan statistical areas (MSAs) using the latest U.S. Census Bureau population estimates, and consulted multiple sources, including the Sharecare Community Well-Being Index, Tax Foundation, Walk Score, Sperling’s Best Places, and County Health Rankings & Roadmaps.
By identifying key elements that contribute to happiness — social networks, financials, and health — and examining 13 pivotal rankings within them, such as community, cost of living, and healthcare access, we created the Happiest Places to Retire in the U.S. in 2024. Read on to learn about the 20 best places to retire in the U.S. to help you explore your options for where to live in retirement.
Key Findings on Retirees’ Favorite Cities
• Barnstable, MA is the happiest city to retire to, ranking #1 of all 200 cities we analyzed. It has the highest ranking overall for community well-being, and one of the highest percentages of residents who are 65-plus. The other cities at the top of the list: Naples, FL at #2, and Ann Arbor, MI at #3.
• Colorado has the highest number of happiest cities for retirees on our top 20 list, beating out Florida. Boulder, CO is the #5 happiest city for retirees, and Fort Collins and Denver also made the list.
• Colder climates are now attracting retirees. Three of our top 5 cities for retirement (Barnstable, MA; Ann Arbor, MI; and Boulder, CO) have average high winter temperatures in the 30s or 40s.
• Naples, FL residents live the longest. The city has the highest average life expectancy (86.1 years) of all 200 cities we analyzed.
• Ann Arbor, MI, has the lowest tax burden for retirees on our top 20 list, followed by Myrtle Beach and Charleston in South Carolina. Meanwhile, Akron, OH has the lowest cost of living of the top 20 cities for retirees, 80.8% of the U.S. average.
Top 20 Happiest Cities to Retire
Looking for information on the happiest places to live after retirement? Whether you dream of an ocean breeze or mountain views, you have plenty of cities to consider.
The top 20 happiest cities for retirees offer a broad range of activities, amenities, and resources. They’re also located all across the nation, as shown in this map of the top 10, so you can find a place in the part of the country you’d most like to live in.
1. Barnstable, MA
Coming in at the top of the happiest cities to retire in the U.S. list is Barnstable. Located on Cape Cod, its beachside beauty attracts retirees, making it one of the top three cities for residents 65 and up. While living here can be expensive (the median household income is $91,438) and there’s less access to healthcare than the other top contenders have, residents enjoy a high level of social interaction and plenty of entertainment and activities.
2. Naples, FL
Those who want to live by the water and enjoy warmer weather can head south to Naples. The cost of living in this city is fairly reasonable, and there’s no state personal income tax, which means your retirement savings can go a lot further. Naples also has the highest life expectancy (age 86.1) of all 200 cities we analyzed.
3. Ann Arbor, MI
Want to enjoy city life without the high prices? Ann Arbor, a college town, has plenty of big city amenities at an affordable price point. Another draw for retirees: Ann Arbor residents enjoy the highest level of healthcare access of the cities on our list, and ranks #1 for health overall.
4. Durham, NC
Friendship and social interaction are important in retirement. Durham, one of the top cities to retire in the U.S., offers a strong sense of community and social well-being, according to the data. Residents will find plentiful healthcare in Durham as well. It ranks #2 out of the top 20 for healthcare access.
5. Boulder, CO
If you like to hit the slopes, Boulder may be the ideal location for your retirement years. The city is #3 on the top 20 list for housing and transportation, so you should be able to find the right place to live and get around easily.
6. North Port, FL
North Port is the second Florida city to make the top 20 list of the happiest places to live in the U.S. Community and social connection is high here, and there’s a sizable population of those aged 65 and up, making it easier to meet new friends. It also has one of the lowest tax burdens among the top 20 cities.
7. Olympia, WA
Retirees who want to live affordably on the west coast can check out scenic Olympia, WA. It ranks as #1 in the financial category, which takes into account factors such as cost of living and household income. It’s also one of the best states to retire in for taxes, which can help retirees stretch their savings. Olympia has the lowest number of residents living below the poverty level of all 200 cities we analyzed.
8. San Jose, CA
Retirees in San Jose enjoy the second-highest average life expectancy (after Naples, FL) of the 200 cities we studied, making it one of the top places for a long and healthy retirement. But there’s a tradeoff: The cost of living in San Jose is extremely high: a whopping 231% of the U.S. average.
9. San Luis Obispo, CA
If being in a comfortable environment is one of your top retirement priorities, look no further than San Luis Obispo. Along with San Jose, the city scored the highest level of comfort for retirees on our top 20 cities list, thanks to its temperate weather.
10. Madison, WI
A low average cost of living plus a high median household income ($83,214) make Madison not only one of the happiest places to live in retirement, but also one of the most affordable. In this relatively walkable city, you can save on transportation costs and live a healthier lifestyle.
Recommended: Average Retirement Savings By State
11. Honolulu, HI
Honolulu combines great weather, pristine beaches, and big city living. It gets high scores for comfortable weather and transportation. And Honolulu has some of the highest scores for social factors and community. Retiring in paradise comes at a price, however — namely, the city’s high cost of living (171.5% of the U.S. average).
12. Salisbury, MD
Salisbury, in the Eastern Shore area of Maryland, is a popular place for retirees. More than a quarter of the population is 65 and over, which means you should have plenty of peers to socialize and do activities with.
13. Washington, DC
If you’re interested in history and culture, Washington D.C. might be a good fit. And many of the city’s major attractions are free of charge. The nation’s capital is also the most walkable city on our top 20 list of the happiest places to live after retirement, so you’ll save on transportation as you get your steps in.
14. Portland, ME
In this city on the coast, you can enjoy all that the ocean has to offer plus metropolitan amenities. Portland ranks as one of the best cities to retire in when it comes to community, and it also has abundant options for art, recreation, and entertainment, which can help you stay happily busy in retirement.
15. Myrtle Beach, SC
Retirees settle down in this popular travel destination to take advantage of the reasonable cost of living and low tax burden. They also love the miles of beaches, plentiful golf courses, and comfortable weather. Myrtle Beach has the 4th highest population of people age 65-plus.
16. Harrisburg, PA
The capital city of Pennsylvania is an affordable place to retire. It has a low cost of living, which means the city’s average median income of $73,739 can go farther. Fewer people live below the poverty line here than in many other cities. Retirees can be active here as well: Harrisburg ranks as #2 of our top cities when it comes to walkability.
17. Fort Collins, CO
If you love the great outdoors, this city, located at the foot of the Rocky Mountains, has a lot to offer. All those outside adventures come with some nice health perks: Fort Collins has one of the higher life expectancies of our 20 top cities for retirees.
18. Denver, CO
Where is the happiest place to retire? It might just be the state of Colorado. Denver is the third Colorado city to make the top 20 list of happy places for retirees to live. Denver has a high level of community and social well-being, which could make retirement a lot more fulfilling. It’s very walkable, too, coming in at #5 out of the top 20 in the walking category.
19. Akron, OH
With the lowest cost of living (80.8% of the U.S. average) of the 20 best cities, Akron offers retirees affordability plus many opportunities for social and community connection. That can make it easier to make new friends in retirement.
20. Charleston, SC
A vibrant cultural scene, great food, ocean access, and lovely architecture make Charleston one of the best places to retire in 2024. Charleston ranks #2 for art, recreation, and entertainment out of the 200 cities studied, following only Los Angeles, so you’ll find plenty to do here in your golden years. And the tax burden is one of the lowest on our 20 happiest cities list.
Best Places to Retire for a Happy Retirement
Want to consider some of the different places that could make for a very happy retirement? The map below shows the top five cities out of the 200 analyzed in each of the three key categories that contribute to happiness: social, financial, and health.
200 Cities Studied for Happiest Places to Retire
Reviewing the full list of 200 cities studied for the Happiest Places to Retire can reveal additional great options for retirement. For example, following Naples, FL, the next three cities with the highest life expectancy — San Jose, CA, San Francisco, CA, and New York, NY — are all bustling, well-populated cities that also rank highly for community and social factors. Take a look at what cities across the U.S. have to offer.
Overall Rank
City
Total Score
Social rank
Financial Rank
Health Rank
1
Barnstable, MA
62.05
1
6
120
2
Naples, FL
61.43
2
18
32
3
Ann Arbor, MI
61.40
64
14
1
4
Durham, NC
57.56
57
13
2
5
Boulder, CO
56.95
21
16
13
6
North Port, FL
56.77
4
37
129
7
Olympia, WA
56.46
32
1
88
8
San Jose, CA
55.52
5
113
7
9
San Luis Obispo, CA
55.18
9
11
41
10
Madison, WI
55.13
84
5
11
11
Honolulu, HI
54.82
7
71
12
12
Salisbury, MD
54.70
11
3
177
13
Washington DC
54.33
23
17
19
14
Portland, ME
53.86
17
35
22
15
Myrtle Beach, SC
53.66
8
20
181
16
Harrisburg, PA
52.39
50
24
24
17
Fort Collins, CO
52.11
34
19
80
18
Denver, CO
52.03
86
9
33
19
Akron, OH
51.64
55
10
69
20
Charleston, SC
51.62
37
55
30
21
Manchester, NH
51.49
47
22
58
22
Seattle, WA
51.44
19
101
15
23
Minneapolis, MN
51.22
48
26
28
24
Richmond, VA
50.56
24
46
40
25
Bridgeport, CT
50.52
25
83
8
26
Daphne, AL
50.50
31
12
171
27
Des Moines, IA
50.49
106
2
158
28
San Francisco, CA
50.42
6
172
4
29
Santa Rosa, CA
50.11
14
81
43
30
Raleigh, NC
50.08
45
42
56
31
Prescott Valley, AZ
49.92
3
118
193
32
Oxnard, CA
49.38
16
78
49
33
Asheville, NC
49.35
10
125
57
34
Bremerton, WA
49.22
22
52
108
35
Boston, MA
49.18
33
139
6
36
Colorado Springs, CO
49.18
95
7
141
37
Pittsburgh, PA
49.14
35
82
47
38
Portland, OR
49.03
58
96
14
39
Hartford, CT
49.02
62
36
16
40
Omaha, NE
49.00
87
25
37
41
St. Louis, MO
48.88
56
73
36
42
Lancaster, PA
48.80
46
48
74
43
Chattanooga, TN
48.79
43
53
122
44
Appleton, WI
48.78
41
30
128
45
Sioux Falls, SD
48.48
92
34
83
46
Salt Lake City, UT
48.42
125
23
25
47
Charlotte, NC
48.40
38
61
90
48
Allentown, PA
48.35
52
43
42
49
Crestview, FL
47.95
61
15
183
50
Cape Coral, FL
47.88
13
119
110
51
New Haven, CT
47.81
73
65
9
52
Austin, TX
47.76
123
40
48
53
San Diego, CA
47.73
27
103
29
54
Peoria, IL
47.60
66
27
91
55
Tucson, AZ
47.56
69
59
67
56
Green Bay, WI
47.33
80
33
92
57
Lexington, KY
47.28
94
79
31
58
Deltonah, FL
47.24
18
58
198
59
Reno, NV
47.08
44
67
117
60
Tyler, TX
47.07
127
28
99
61
Ogden, UT
47.07
101
8
160
62
Santa Cruz, CA
46.99
12
147
27
63
Atlanta, GA
46.97
54
100
60
64
York, PA
46.96
53
49
112
65
Palm Baye, FL
46.89
20
84
182
66
Boise City, ID
46.89
96
32
98
67
Grand Rapids, MI
46.89
140
39
55
68
Cincinnati, OH
46.77
71
74
63
69
Wilmington, NC
46.53
40
105
79
70
Canton, OH
46.52
100
29
131
71
Fargo, ND
46.49
154
21
71
72
Savannah, GA
46.37
107
63
59
73
Provo, UT
46.20
135
4
175
74
Norwich, CT
46.08
49
31
115
75
Roanoke, VA
46.05
28
123
46
76
Baltimore, MD
45.92
29
120
68
77
Philadelphia, PA
45.91
63
109
44
78
Nashville, TN
45.89
99
68
105
79
Anchorage, AK
45.87
136
87
86
80
Indianapolis, IN
45.73
119
44
95
81
Sacramento, CA
45.72
42
98
50
82
Trenton, NJ
45.67
70
110
18
83
Lincoln, NE
45.63
103
38
93
84
Port St. Lucie, FL
45.51
15
126
173
85
Albany, NY
45.48
60
62
38
86
Vallejo, CA
45.16
36
97
89
87
Louisville, KY
45.03
117
47
106
88
Worcester, MA
44.90
82
94
51
89
Virginia Beach, VA
44.90
83
70
64
90
Huntsville, AL
44.81
77
60
142
91
Chicago, IL
44.70
79
107
26
92
Kalamazoo, MI
44.57
149
64
70
93
Poughkeepsie, NY
44.47
90
54
45
94
Spokane, WA
44.35
113
51
111
95
Eugene, OR
44.29
68
108
81
96
Columbia, SC
44.22
105
91
104
97
Kansas City, MO
44.13
75
88
103
98
Phoenix, AZ
43.94
89
104
85
99
Jacksonville, FL
43.71
67
102
152
100
Salinas, CA
43.70
85
86
66
101
Little Rock, AR
43.63
144
80
61
102
Dallas, TX
43.55
130
90
97
103
Cleveland, OH
43.47
139
142
10
104
Greenville, SC
43.41
118
106
75
105
Lansing, MI
43.35
150
56
125
106
Rochester, NY
43.26
114
93
20
107
Cedar Rapids, IA
43.25
104
50
161
108
Winston, NC
43.23
91
116
73
109
Greeley, CO
43.15
141
41
162
110
Detroit, MI
43.15
72
122
116
111
Reading, PA
42.88
76
117
87
112
Fort Wayne, IN
42.52
152
45
168
113
Dayton, OH
42.43
111
95
127
114
Davenport, IA
42.37
110
77
139
115
Atlantic City, NJ
42.26
39
131
100
116
Fayetteville, AR
42.17
122
75
151
117
Santa Maria, CA
42.11
59
134
53
118
Evansville, IN
41.59
161
57
144
119
Knoxville, TN
41.58
74
138
149
120
Oklahoma City, OK
41.21
148
89
150
121
Milwaukee, WI
41.18
98
141
54
122
South Bend, IN
41.14
145
85
167
123
Hagerstown, MD
40.26
81
112
179
124
Columbus, OH
40.23
166
72
137
125
Ocala, FL
40.11
26
153
199
126
Birmingham, AL
39.94
65
159
107
127
Montgomery, AL
39.91
134
92
189
128
Rockford, IL
39.80
143
76
157
129
Pensacola, FL
39.44
133
121
153
130
New York, NY
39.32
51
184
5
131
Syracuse, NY
39.27
137
124
35
132
Killeen, TX
39.26
186
69
114
133
Lynchburg, VA
39.22
155
66
174
134
Buffalo, NY
38.98
128
128
39
135
Wichita, KS
38.67
97
135
163
136
Tallahassee, FL
38.65
147
132
134
137
Providence, RI
38.62
112
167
34
138
Los Angeles, CA
38.60
30
187
23
139
Kennewick, WA
38.45
151
127
123
140
Flint, MI
38.34
171
111
156
141
Orlando, FL
38.33
153
155
72
142
Tulsa, OK
38.31
174
99
169
143
Las Vegas, NV
38.31
121
146
135
144
Salem, OR
38.25
138
130
133
145
Duluth, MN
38.21
116
136
126
146
Erie, PA
37.91
126
137
154
147
Springfield, MA
37.88
115
162
62
148
Hickory, NC
37.71
93
140
194
149
Tampa, FL
37.66
102
174
77
150
Albuquerque, NM
37.59
146
157
65
151
Gainesville, FL
37.58
178
182
3
152
Huntington, WV
37.41
88
161
159
153
Toledo, OH
37.11
168
144
82
154
Scranton, PA
37.05
109
156
143
155
Jackson, MS
36.89
175
148
76
156
Amarillo, TX
36.78
142
149
176
157
Kingsport, TN
36.67
158
133
190
158
Springfield, MO
36.65
164
129
165
159
Youngstown, OH
36.63
78
158
188
160
Houston, TX
35.66
179
164
52
161
Binghamton, NY
35.66
162
114
124
162
Charleston, WV
34.97
132
168
138
163
San Antonio, TX
34.88
184
152
94
164
Waco, TX
34.80
176
143
170
165
Greensboro, NC
34.68
108
175
148
166
Augusta, GA
34.56
120
176
145
167
New Orleans, LA
34.48
172
181
21
168
Utica, NY
34.17
167
115
155
169
Memphis, TN
34.17
182
160
130
170
Lubbock, TX
33.95
183
166
84
171
Lakeland, FL
33.94
124
173
178
172
Stockton, CA
33.82
156
154
146
173
Riverside, CA
33.53
129
169
121
174
Macon, GA
33.03
163
180
101
175
Spartanburg, SC
32.77
131
177
185
176
Longview, TX
31.85
185
150
191
177
Miami, FL
31.74
157
192
17
178
Baton Rouge, LA
31.69
181
170
136
179
College Station, TX
30.49
193
165
96
180
Tuscaloosa, AL
30.35
165
179
180
181
Clarksville, TN
30.17
189
145
200
182
Mobile, AL
29.95
170
185
113
183
Shreveport, LA
29.22
177
191
78
184
Fayetteville, NC
28.42
187
171
184
185
Fort Smith, AR
27.72
159
186
196
186
Beaumont, TX
27.36
197
151
195
187
Gulfport, MS
27.33
173
183
197
188
Fresno, CA
26.58
188
178
119
189
Corpus Christi, TX
26.09
192
189
102
190
Modesto, CA
26.05
169
190
147
191
Visalia, CA
25.28
196
163
166
192
Columbus, GA
24.08
160
193
192
193
Lafayette, LA
23.64
180
196
109
194
Bakersfield, CA
21.84
190
188
186
195
Merced, CA
18.10
191
194
187
196
Yakima, WA
17.32
195
195
164
197
El Paso, TX
8.56
194
198
118
198
McAllen, TX
3.30
200
197
132
199
Brownsville, TX
2.10
198
199
140
200
Laredo, TX
-3.32
199
200
172
Tips for a Happy Retirement
You’ve worked hard, now it’s time to enjoy yourself! These smart strategies can help you find happiness in retirement.
• Create a budget. You may have fewer expenses when you’re retired, but you’ll still need a roadmap for managing them. This is where retirement planning and a budget come in handy. If you are already retired, create a budget that works well for your retirement income. If retirement is still in the future, map out a plan to see how much you’ll need to save to be properly prepared.
• Keep tabs on your retirement savings. Don’t forget to check on your retirement savings regularly to ensure that you’re on track financially. And, of course, make sure you have retirement savings accounts like a 401(k) or a traditional or Roth IRA to help you reach your goal.
Don’t yet have a retirement account? Learn how to set up your own retirement account.
• Prioritize health and wellness. To be at your best, strongest, and happiest in retirement, prioritize your physical and mental health with regular exercise, a balanced diet, and lots of social interaction.
• Pursue your passions. Don’t let retirement slow you down. You can pursue your favorite hobbies, work on fulfilling and meeting your top ambitions and challenges, and do the activities you’ve always wanted to try now that you have the time and freedom for them. When choosing among the best retirement cities, be sure to look for places that cater to your interests.
Methodology
To find the happiest cities for people to retire in the U.S., we looked at the 200 largest metropolitan statistical areas (MSAs) based on the U.S. Census Bureau’s 2022 population estimates for 13 ranking factors across three categories (Social, Finance, and Health).
We graded each factor on a 100-point scale, where 100 was the highest possible score. Each factor was weighted differently.
Socioeconomic Score Factors
• Community well-being
• Social well-being
• Comfort index*
• Percentage of population age 65 and over
• Percentage of art, recreation, and entertainment businesses
Financial Score Factors
• Housing & transportation
• Cost of living index*
• Median household income
• Percentage of people aged 65 and over living below poverty level
• Tax burden**
Health Score Factors
• Healthcare access
• Life expectancy
• Walk Score*
*Data represents city proper data (excluding surrounding metro). **Data represents state level data.
Sources: U.S Census Bureau, Sharecare Community Well-Being Index, Walk Score, Tax Foundation, County Health Rankings & Roadmaps, Sperling’s Best Places.
The Takeaway
When you’re ready to retire, choosing where to settle down is a big and important decision. Exploring our list of top 20 happiest places is a great place to start. You can look for cities that offer affordability, good access to healthcare, entertainment and cultural activities, and opportunities for making social and community connections.
And to ensure that your retirement is as happy and stress-free as possible, you’ll want to have your retirement savings in order. Contributing to your 401(k) or IRA can help you build the retirement nest egg you’ll need.
Ready to invest in your goals? It’s easy to get started when you open an investment account with SoFi Invest. You can invest in stocks, exchange-traded funds (ETFs), and more. SoFi doesn’t charge commissions, but other fees apply (full fee disclosure here).
Invest with as little as $5 with a SoFi Active Investing account.
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Financial Tips & Strategies: The tips provided on this website are of a general nature and do not take into account your specific objectives, financial situation, and needs. You should always consider their appropriateness given your own circumstances.
SoFi Invest® SoFi Invest refers to the two investment and trading platforms operated by Social Finance, Inc. and its affiliates (described below). Individual customer accounts may be subject to the terms applicable to one or more of the platforms below.
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Neither the Investment Advisor Representatives of SoFi Wealth, nor the Registered Representatives of SoFi Securities are compensated for the sale of any product or service sold through any SoFi Invest platform. Information related to lending products contained herein should not be construed as an offer or pre-qualification for any loan product offered by SoFi Bank, N.A.
Stash is an app for both Android and iOS that was born out of the simple question: Why don’t more people invest their money? This seemingly simple question can have a myriad of answers depending on who you ask.
Stash tries to overcome these obstacles with a well-designed app that provides easily understood solutions without breaking the bank.
For many, the barrier for entry for investing in stocks can be incredibly high. Whether it’s high minimum investments or hefty fees, many people find that investing is not affordable. Moreover, it can also be incredibly confusing.
There’s a lot of jargon out there, and many people don’t know the difference between a stock and a bond, let alone how to read a stock ticker. The Stash app aims to solve both of these issues by making investing both affordable and accessible.
Intrigued? Keep reading to learn more.
Why is investing important?
Before we talk about why to invest with Stash, let’s briefly talk about why you should invest at all. Whether you know it or not, if you have a job, you are already likely investing a portion of your money.
Thanks to President Franklin D. Roosevelt, who signed the Social Security Act in 1935 following the Great Depression, a portion of our payroll tax is allocated towards securing retirement benefits. Both employees and employers contribute to this system, with each paying a percentage of an employee’s paycheck into Social Security to ensure future retirement benefits.
Social Security is designed as a safety net for the elderly and the disabled. It is relied upon by millions of Americans as a portion of income once reaching retirement age.
According to a study by the Economic Policy Institute, almost half of Americans have no retirement savings other than Social Security. Predictably, low-income families are disproportionately affected by this trend.
Due to an inability to afford to save money and a lack of understanding of investment options, a large portion of our population is unprepared for their future. But it doesn’t have to be this way, and Stash is on its way to bridging the investment gap in America.
What Stash Does Differently
While Stash Invest is not the only low fee, easy to use investment app on the market, they educate their customers and show them how to invest and save money. This app is not designed for the seasoned investor.
The premise is for Stash to provide you with access to exchange-traded funds (ETFs), which are investment funds that allow you to buy a portion of stocks through a portfolio.
Signing up for Stash is not as easy as just signing in with Facebook. One of the main complaints about the app in Google Play is the invasive information they request. This includes banking information, your address, and even your Social Security number.
While it’s not usually recommended to hand out this type of information to an app on your phone, Stash is bound by federal law, including the Patriot Act, to collect this information.
It is a necessary evil, unfortunately, but one mitigated by the fact that they use 256-bit encryption and your securities are protected up to $500,000. Additional security features include a PIN of your choosing that you must enter every time you open the app.
This is beneficial whether your phone is stolen or your toddler is button mashing your phone while playing angel investor.
Stash’s Key Features
Minimum investment: $5
Fees: As little as $1 per month if you choose the beginner plan
Accounts offered: Traditional IRAs, Roth IRAs, checking account
Other benefits: The mobile app is available on iOS and Android phones
Promotions: You can get $5 for free for signing up with Stash
Understanding Pricing
Stash offers three different pricing models, depending on where you’re at in your investing journey. Here is a brief overview of each:
PLAN
BEGINNER
GROWTH
STASH+
Cost
$1 per month
$3 per month
$9 per month
Personal Investment Account
x
x
x
Debit Card
x
x
x
Rewards program
x
x
x
Online Resources
x
x
x
Tax Benefits
x
x
Investment Account for Two Children
x
Exclusive Metal Debit Card with Cashback Rewards
x
Monthly Market Insights
x
How Stash Works
When you first sign up for Stash, you’ll be asked about your investing style. You can choose from conservative, moderate, or aggressive. This helps tailor your portfolio options based on the amount of risk, and potential return, that is acceptable to you.
Determining your risk tolerance is only one way Stash helps you choose your investment strategy. Next, they’ll ask you how much and how often you’d like to invest. You can choose to invest as little as $5 at a time on a weekly, bi-weekly, or monthly schedule.
Knowledge is Power
While we know that you didn’t install Stash just for the articles, there is a wealth of knowledge to be found here. Under the “Learn” section of the drop-down menu are dozens of well-written articles designed to teach you how to invest. Stash is designed for the beginner, and these articles can show you the ins and outs of an investment strategy.
From “What’s a Capital Gain?” to “How to Invest Like an Activist,” Stash spends a great deal of time into turning you into an investment professional. Many people choose apps like Stash because of their simple-to-use nature, and set-it and leave-it design.
This is great for those dipping their toes in for the first time, but Stash realizes that you may want to be more than just a casual investor. Think of it as a bootcamp for the uninitiated.
Whether you want to learn what interest rate hikes mean to you or better understand certain investment portfolios, Stash allows you to invest your time to learn as well as your money to earn.
Stash Retire
While Stash has some heavy hitters behind it, it’s still only two years old and a bit of a one-trick pony.
However, Stash is now in the process of launching Stash Retire, which will add Roth IRAs into the mix. A Roth IRA is an individual retirement account that, as long as you meet certain criteria, is not taxed when you start to make withdrawals.
This option from Stash is still in development and while they appear to be reaching certain milestones, it is not yet available.
Still, it’s an indication that Stash is growing. Couple that with Stash’s latest funding round, which saw investment from PayPal co-founder Peter Thiel, it’s easy to assume that Stash is here to stay.
Stash Custodial
You can open a custodial investment account for kids under 18 years old. Stash Custodial can be used by the child once they reach adulthood, which can be anywhere between 18 and 25, depending on the state in which they live.
There’s no limit to your annual contributions, and it doesn’t have to be used for education. The money can be invested in stocks, bonds, mutual funds, and ETFs.
Who should invest with Stash?
Overall, Stash Invest is designed to help the would-be investor. If you have money sitting in a savings account or if you’re just starting to think about your future, Stash is a great place to start investing. They make it easy to put money into portfolios that are of interest to you. They are also adept at making the confusing world of finance and investing easy to understand.
With the inclusion of a plethora of articles designed to teach you about investing, it’s also a great place to learn. Use it not just to easily invest your money, but as a resource that allows you to grow your knowledge with your money.
Stash’s simplified fee structure can be a low gateway into the world of investing. Your first two months are free, and they only charge $1 per month up to $5,000 and .025% above that number.
This is pricey if you are just starting out. If you’re investing $5 per month, that’s 20% of your investment in the beginning. Stash can be a great option if you can get your balance higher before they start charging you fees.
Bottom Line
All in all, Stash is a great app for the beginning investor. There are certainly better options out there for people already familiar with investing, but with over half of Americans having no investment at all, it could be a great start for you.
Stash is also growing and beginning to offer more investment options such as Stash Retire, so they may grow with you. If not, use Stash as a learning tool and springboard into the heady world of investment finance.
Investing is more than just saving for the future. It’s about creating a wealth-building strategy to truly make your nest egg grow. That’s because investing typically earns you a higher interest rate than if you put all of your money in a traditional savings account.
While historically low rates are great for when you need to borrow money, they’re pretty dismal when you’re ready to start saving. Investing does come with a higher risk, but you can generally mitigate it with diversified holdings and long-term positions. Plus, it’s easier than ever.
You’re not limited to working with an expensive brokerage or saving a huge amount to reach a minimum investment threshold. Now you can even invest by using an app on your smartphone with the leftover change from your checking account.
Ready to learn how to invest? We’ve got you covered with everything you need to know.
What is investing, and why is it important?
Investing is the act of putting money into financial instruments, such as stocks, bonds, or mutual funds, with the expectation of earning a profit. It allows individuals to save and grow their wealth over time, and can provide a financial cushion for the future, such as during retirement.
The Benefits of Investing
The reason money grows so aggressively through investing is that it’s powered by compound returns. Investments are typically meant for a long-term strategy, rather than taking out money every few months.
When you leave your money untouched in an investment vehicle that offers greater returns than a savings account, your gains continue to compound.
No matter what age you are, it’s a good time to start investing. If you’re younger, you can create a strong foundation to truly accumulate wealth over the coming years.
Even if you’re older, you may be able to catch up faster because of those higher returns. Don’t worry about getting started — even if you can only contribute a small amount each month, you’ll set up the infrastructure and challenge yourself to contribute more as you begin to earn more.
How to Reduce Your Risks in Investing
When investing long-term, you can’t think about your everyday gains and losses; instead, think about how your allocations are performing in the long run. You do want to review your investment choices as you reach different stages in your life; in particular, becoming less aggressive as you get older.
In fact, most investors don’t partake in volatile day trading. They spread their money over diversified investment types to help reduce risk and maximize returns over time.
There will always be economic cycles with highs and lows. But even downturns can be mitigated in your investment portfolio by spacing out your money over different product categories as well as different economic sectors. This can go a long way in protecting your money over time.
If you do want to try out some riskier investments, make sure you view that money as discretionary risk capital, meaning your livelihood and well-being won’t be impacted if you lose it all.
How to Invest Your Money
Diversification is essential, as is setting reminders to review the performance of your picks, such as a quarterly review. It also helps you adjust your asset allocation based on your own financial goals. Are you trying to retire earlier than you initially planned? Are you able to contribute more each month?
With these strategies in mind, here is a comprehensive review of different investment vehicles you can take advantage of to accumulate wealth over time.
Retirement Accounts
Retirement accounts are probably the most common and accessible types of investment accounts. You may be able to open a retirement account through your employer or open one on your own. Each type comes with a different tax treatment, so review the details carefully.
Traditional IRA
A traditional IRA is a tax-advantaged account that allows you to deduct your contributions each year. Once you start making retirement withdrawals, you’ll pay the IRS based on the tax bracket you’re in at that time.
They do have annual contribution limits. For 2024, it’s $7,000 unless you’re 50 years or older, in which case you can contribute up to $8,000.
If you want to take a distribution before you reach the age of 59 ½, you’ll have to pay a 10% penalty on top of your taxes. There are a few exceptions to the penalty, such as when you use the funds for a down payment on a house or qualified college expenses.
Another plus is that there is no income limit for qualifying, unlike other IRA options.
Roth IRA
A Roth IRA is another tax-advantaged retirement account. However, it comes with a few key differences compared to a traditional IRA. You don’t get a tax deduction when you make your contributions, but you do get to deduct your withdrawals once you reach retirement age.
If you think you’ll be in a higher tax bracket once you hit retirement, this could be a useful tool to save on your taxes later in life. For Roth IRAs, the contribution limit is between $7,000 and $8,000, depending on your age.
However, there’s another qualification you’ll have to meet: the income limit.
The more you earn, the less you’re able to contribute. Your contribution limit is reduced when you earn more than $230,000 for those married filing jointly and more than $146,000 for those filing single or as head of household.
Rollover IRA
A rollover IRA is one way to transfer an existing 401(k) from your employer once you decide to leave the company. Sometimes an employer lets you leave it there or transfer your funds to a retirement plan at your new place of work. Whether those two scenarios don’t apply to you or you prefer the flexibility of an IRA, a rollover may be a suitable option for you.
Both traditional and Roth IRAs generally allow you to bring in transfer retirement accounts. Just be sure to check your eligibility for either type, as well as any relevant fees you may incur during the transfer process.
SEP IRA
This type of IRA is designed specifically for self-employed individuals. While traditional and Roth IRAs are often used to supplement retirement savings accrued through employer plans, a SEP IRA allows for higher contribution limits when you work for yourself. The contribution is the lesser of either 25% of your income or $69,000.
Its tax treatment is the same as traditional IRAs. If you have employees, however, you must provide each one with their own SEP IRA and contribute the same salary percentage as you contribute to your own. Still, this can be a strong option to speed up your retirement investments, particularly if you don’t have employees or only have a few.
Stocks
Investing in stocks is typically best for active investors, and ideally, someone who already has experience in the stock market. If you’re just getting started, consider your stock investments as play money rather than something you need to rely on to meet your future financial goals. Because individual stocks are riskier, be sure to diversify the ones you choose to invest in.
Buying and selling stocks can result in hefty commission fees. Consider a buy-and-hold approach to avoid accumulating too many expenses, especially when you’re first getting started.
While you no longer need an established broker to execute trades, you can instead create a brokerage account with one of the larger brokerage firms. Your best bet is to compare fees as well as available research to help you make informed trading decisions.
Mutual Funds
Mutual funds combine your money with other investors to purchase securities for the entire group. The portfolio is professionally overseen by a manager, who then selects different types of stocks, bonds, and other securities on your behalf.
You can gauge the performance of a particular mutual fund by comparing it to its chosen benchmark, such as the S&P 500. If it regularly performs better over the course of a three to five-year period, then it could be a good investment choice.
Mutual funds are a popular choice because you generally don’t need a lot of money to get started. You can often choose one within your retirement account to get around any minimum requirements, or even set up a recurring investment amount.
Plus, mutual funds are extremely diversified, often holding as much as 100 securities in each one. This helps to minimize your risk as well as the amount of time you spend managing your portfolio.
Index Fund
An index fund is a popular type of mutual fund that follows a predetermined investment methodology rather than having a portfolio manager pick the included securities.
For example, you could choose a Dow Jones Industrial Average index fund, which includes 30 powerhouse companies in the U.S. Whiles that’s a large-scale example, different investment firms create their own index funds for investors to conveniently choose from.
Another benefit of investing in an index fund is that transaction costs are often lower, as are their mutual fund expense ratios. Many index funds are also geared toward investors with lower balances. While some firms have high minimum opening balances of $100,000 or more, you can get started with much less when you pick an index fund.
Exchange-Traded Funds (ETFs)
An exchange-traded fund, or ETF, trades the same way a stock does while tracking a certain basket of assets. There are countless types of ETFs to choose from based on your investment goals.
Common options include market, bond, commodity, foreign market, and alternative investment ETFs. They’re bought and sold like stocks throughout the day, but a major difference is that ETFs can issue and redeem their shares at any point.
There are many benefits that go along with an ETF. For starters, you have more control over when you pay your capital gains tax. There are also lower fees, although you’ll still pay brokerage commissions. Finally, while mutual funds can only be settled after the stock market closes for the day, an ETF allows you to trade at any time.
Bonds
Bonds are a good tool to have in your investment portfolio because they are a low-risk option. Different types of bonds include corporate, municipal, and Treasury bonds. Bonds are fixed-income investments, so you know exactly what to expect when those payout dates come throughout the year. Such predictability does come with a few downsides, though.
First, bonds come with a fixed investment period. If you invest in a longer-term bond, then you’re stuck with it until it matures — unless you decide to sell. But there’s a bit of risk involved there, involving the interest.
Bond rates aren’t locked in, so yours could be devalued if the same issuer bumps up the interest rate at a later time. So if new investors get a better interest rate than you did, you’re still locked into your lower rate. In general, bonds generally come with lower growth than other investments, but that’s considered the trade-off for a lower-risk vehicle.
Real Estate
People always need a place to live, so real estate investing can be an attractive option for investors. There are several ways to do this that account for your desired risk tolerance as well as your desired level of involvement.
Investment Properties
If you feel the drive to own property, an investment property is one way to make a real estate investment. Depending on how you choose to manage your property, this can amount to a steady stream of passive income.
Over time, you could also benefit from market appreciation, although that’s not necessarily guaranteed. There are risks involved with investment properties. Unlike investing in a stock or fund, a physical property involves expenses, such as upkeep, marketing, and a management firm if you want a hands-off experience.
You’ll also need some cash to get started, since most investment property loans require at least a 25% down payment. Moreover, the mortgage is considered part of your debt-to-income ratio, which could affect your future financing opportunities.
If you ever want to cash out on your investment, you’ll be subject to the market value of that moment. Plus, it’s a cumbersome, illiquid way to invest money. Still, the returns can be much greater than traditional investments, making investment properties an attractive option to some people.
REITs
If you would like to invest in real estate without the hassle of acting as a landlord, consider a real estate investment trust, or REIT. These are traded on the stock exchange and can also be offered in the form of a mutual fund or ETF.
Returns can increase as property values rise and generally focus on a portfolio of commercial properties. Shareholders also benefit because REITs don’t pay corporate tax, which helps boost returns as well.
You can pick what sector you want to invest in, such as healthcare, residential, hotel, or industrial REITs. Each comes with separate risks that should be weighed thoughtfully. REIT shares can be purchased through a broker, and each one will have its own fee structure to review as well.
Crowdfunding
Real estate crowdfunding is a type of peer-to-peer lending that is growing traction among investors of all levels. New fintech companies are popping up to compete with REITs, claiming better returns. So, what’s the difference between REITs and real estate crowdfunding sites?
The most significant difference is that instead of choosing a portfolio of properties within a certain asset class, you can choose specific commercial properties in which to invest. While individual investors traditionally wouldn’t be able to invest directly in projects like these, crowdfunding lets you enter these markets with a much smaller amount of cash.
One of the benefits is that you can do much more specialized research to determine what property to invest in. The process is much less passive than REITs. On the downside, however, the risk potential could be higher since your money is riding on one single building rather than a diversified portfolio.
See also: How to Build Generational Wealth
Platforms for Investing Your Money
There are many ways to start investing your money. A financial advisor, though charging extra fees, may provide you with much-needed guidance and education, especially if you’re a beginner. But if you prefer a little less hand-holding, you can consider two other options as well.
Online Brokers
Online brokerages give you the convenience of investing online with the added benefit of controlling what you invest in. So, it’s definitely a more hands-on process than the robo-advisor. Like robo-advisors, however, most online brokers don’t have a minimum balance requirement, so they’re still quite accessible to all types of investors.
Instead of paying a percentage of your funds, online brokers usually charge transaction fees for trades, as well as one-off fees. On the plus side, you’re not limited to your choosing certain funds, as you are with a robo-advisor. If you’d like, you can even select individual stocks. Online brokers and robo-advisors cater to two different types of investors, so the best choice depends on your specific goals.
Robo-Advisors
Enlisting the help of a robo-advisor can be helpful for beginning investors or anyone who wishes to utilize a “set it and forget it” mentality for their portfolio.
Robo-advisors don’t use human financial advisors; instead, they rely on computer algorithms to determine your portfolio allocations. Many of them also use tax harvesting strategies to decrease your tax burden at the end of the year.
Service fees are low and generally charged as a percentage of your invested funds. The transparency is excellent for new investors, and you can also benefit from the low minimum balances. Different robo-advisors offer different investment vehicles you can choose from. You can also pick one based on their investing strategy; most, for instance, pick from ETFs and index funds.
Bottom Line
There are a slew of intricacies for building your investment strategy and making your money work for you. Start with a plan that makes sense for your risk tolerance while still leaving room for growth.
You can access countless resources, from free online tutorials to paid financial advisors, to ensure you have a robust investment plan that will generate a passive income strategy to meet your goals.
How to Invest FAQs
What are the different types of investments?
There are many types of investments. The most popular investments include stocks, bonds, mutual funds, exchange-traded funds (ETFs), and real estate. Each type of investment carries its own level of risk and potential return.
What are the risks of investing?
Investing involves risk, including the potential for loss of principal. The value of investments can fluctuate and may be affected by market conditions, economic events, and other factors.
It’s essential to understand the risks associated with any investment and to consider your risk tolerance before making any investment decisions.
How do I choose the best investments for me?
The best investments for you will depend on your financial goals, how much risk you can tolerate, and other personal factors. It can be helpful to consult an investment advisor or do your own research to determine which investments are suitable for you.
It’s also wise to diversify your portfolio, or invest in various assets, to spread risk and potentially maximize returns.
How much money do I need to start investing?
There is no minimum amount required to start investing. In fact, you can get started investing with $500 or less. However, you should first have a sufficient emergency fund in place before investing. Some investments may have minimum investment requirements, such as mutual funds or certain types of brokerage accounts.
What is a brokerage account?
A brokerage account is a type of investment account that allows you to buy and sell assets such as stocks, mutual funds, ETFs, and bonds. When you open a brokerage account, you typically do so with a financial institution, such as a bank, a credit union, or an online brokerage firm.
To open a brokerage account, you will generally need to provide some personal information, such as your name, address, and Social Security number. You will also typically need to make a deposit of money into the account, which you can use to buy investments.
Once you have a brokerage account, you can place orders to buy or sell investments online, over the phone, or through a broker. The brokerage firm will execute the trades on your behalf and will typically charge a commission or fee for the service.
Brokerage accounts offer a convenient way to manage your investments and to buy and sell assets easily and quickly. They also provide a range of tools and resources to help you make informed investment decisions, such as market research, news and analysis, and educational materials.
Can I invest in stocks with just $100?
Yes, it is possible to invest in stocks with a relatively small amount of money, such as $100. Many brokerage firms have no minimum initial deposit requirement and allow you to start investing with whatever amount of money you have available.
How do I diversify my investment portfolio?
Diversification is the process of investing in various assets to spread risk and potentially maximize returns. This can be achieved by investing in different types of assets, such as stocks, bonds, and real estate, or by investing in different sectors or industries within a particular asset class. To maintain a diversified portfolio, review and adjust it periodically.
What is a financial advisor and do I need one?
A financial advisor is a professional who provides advice on financial matters, such as investing and saving for retirement. Whether you need a financial advisor will depend on your financial goals, risk tolerance, and investment experience. Some people may prefer to handle their own investments, while others may benefit from the guidance of an investment advisor.
How do I determine my risk tolerance?
Risk tolerance is an individual’s willingness to accept financial risk in pursuit of potential returns. Factors that may affect how much risk you’re willing to take include age, financial goals, and personal comfort level with risk.
Can I lose money by investing?
Investing always carries some level of risk, as the value of your investments can fluctuate and be impacted by various market conditions and economic events. It’s crucial to understand the risks associated with any investment and to consider your risk tolerance and investment objectives before making any investment decisions.
Diversifying your portfolio and not investing more money than you can afford to lose can help mitigate potential losses. Always be sure to do your research and consider seeking investment advice from a financial advisor before making any decisions.
Savings bonds are a cornerstone of conservative investing, offering a secure and reliable means to grow one’s wealth over time. Yet, many people remain unclear about the intricacies of this financial instrument.
In this article, we aim to demystify this valuable financial tool by delving into its core characteristics, advantages, and practical applications. Whether you’re an individual seeking to diversify your investment portfolio or a professional aiming to optimize your financial strategies, understanding the ins and outs of savings bonds can be a game-changer.
What is a savings bond?
Savings bonds are a low-risk, U.S. government-backed investment that you can buy to help raise funds over time. When you purchase one, you are loaning money to the government. In return, the government promises to repay the amount you invested with interest.
Electronic savings bonds are simple to buy, safe to invest in, and affordable. You receive interest payments, and the bonds purchased can go to many purposes later, such as qualified education expenses. The purchase amounts range from a minimum investment of $25 – $10,000. However, there are maximum purchase limits per calendar year depending on the type of bond you purchase.
How do savings bonds work?
Think of a savings bond as a loan to the government. While there are a few rules, the main idea is that the government promises to pay back your loan through interest payments.
The government sets the interest rate for the loan, which doesn’t change for the bond’s duration. You buy these bonds at face value.
Savings bonds offer fixed terms, meaning they mature at a specific date. Once they reach that state, you can redeem them for their total value – plus interest.
The type of bond you purchase determines the maturity date. Some can take up to 30 years, while others take much less time.
Different Types of Savings Bonds
There are two main types of savings bonds in the US today, both a fixed rate, while paper bonds are slowly being phased out.
The U.S. Government issues two main types at face value: Series I Bonds and Series EE Bonds. Below is an overview of what each entails.
Series I Bonds
A Series I U.S. Savings Bond is a type of bond that offers a fixed interest rate that adjusts for inflation. The bonds are sold at face value, meaning that the price you purchase savings bonds for is what it is worth once the bond reaches maturity. With I Bonds, you can protect your investment from the variable inflation rate.
The government sets the I Bond inflation rate twice annually, once for each upcoming six-month period.
The current interest rate is 5.27% for I Bonds issued between November 1, 2023 to April 30, 2024.
I Bonds can earn interest for up to 30 years, unless you decide to cash them out beforehand. You can buy them from the U.S. Treasury using a TreasuryDirect account, or purchase paper bonds using your IRS tax refund.
Series EE Bonds
Series EE Savings Bonds are savings bonds that earn interest regularly for up to 30 years. The government guarantees that the Series EE Bond doubles in value in 20 years, even if it needs to add money at 20 years to reach that number.
Series EE bonds differ from I bonds in multiple ways. Primarily, they are not inflation adjustable. The second is that new EE bonds are only available for electronic purchase.
The government applies the bond’s interest rate to a new principal every six months. A principal is the sum of the previous principal and the fixed rate of interest in the past six months.
As of 2005, new EE Bonds earn a fixed interest rate set on the day you buy a bond. After 20 years pass, the government may adjust the interest on it.
When should I consider a savings bond?
You can buy a savings bond anytime, depending on your finances and long-term investment goals. There are multiple reasons why buying bonds is a good idea for later, however, such as:
Their low-risk nature
They generate a stable and low-risk investment
The interest earned on them is exempt from state and local taxes
Any investor with $25 and above can buy them
Bonds pay back, helping you plan for the future
Enjoying the stability of a fixed rate of interest announced twice annually
Are savings bonds worth it?
Savings bonds are worth the investment if you are looking for a stable way to increase your money at a reliable, fixed rate. If you want faster and higher returns, saving bonds may not be your best option. Remember that you do have to pay federal taxes as the bonds accrue interest, but not state or local taxes.
Ultimately, the selling point for purchasing a savings bond is a stable and safe return on your investment. Not all investments you make come with a guarantee as solid as the one you can get from the government.
The TreasuryDirect website also lets you send an announcement to someone to let them know you purchased a savings bond for them as a gift.
How do I redeem my savings bonds?
Redeeming a savings bond is usually an uncomplicated and seamless process. If you purchased your bonds electronically, such as the Series EE or Series I bonds, you could cash them in through your online TreasuryDirect account. Once you do so, you will receive your money in a checking or savings account of your choice in a few business days.
If you purchased older paper savings bonds, you could redeem them at financial institutions where you have an account. The option to cash in a bond at a bank or credit union depends on how long you had an account with them.
For older series of savings bonds, like HH bonds, you can’t redeem them through banks or credit unions. The FAQ section will cover HH bonds, as the government no longer issues them.
For HH Bonds, you must complete a specific form called the FS Form 1522. Once completed, you must mail the bond with a certified signature and direct deposit information to the Treasury Retail Securities Services.
Early Withdrawal Penalty
Sometimes, a circumstance may force you to withdraw your savings bond early. Although not advisable as savings bonds are long-term investments, you still have options when something unexpected happens.
Series EE and Series I savings bonds have an early withdrawal penalty if you redeem them less than five years after their issue date.
So, if you cash in the bond before the five-year mark, you receive the principal amount plus the interest earned up to that point minus the interest accrued in the past three months.
After the five-year mark, there are no penalties for redeeming your savings bond. You can receive the total value of the principal and interest earned.
Savings Bonds vs. Savings Accounts vs. Certificates of Deposit (CDs)
A savings account and a CD are financial products that banks and credit unions offer. With a savings account, you can deposit money and earn interest on electronic bonds over time. A CD is when you keep a specific amount of money with the bank for a timeframe in exchange for fixed interest rates.
Although savings accounts and CDs are low-risk investment options, they are not backed by the government like savings bonds. And unlike savings bonds, you must pay federal, state, and local income taxes for CDs and savings accounts.
Benefits and Drawbacks of Investing in Savings Bonds
In terms of benefits, an electronic bond comes with low-risk, guaranteed returns backed by the government. You can use them as a future nest egg, for retirement, or to fund a child or grandchild’s education. Moreover, they come with tax benefits. The federal government allows exemptions on state and local taxes and are simple to buy and later redeem. Keep in mind that you do have to pay federal income tax on them in some cases.
One drawback to electronic bonds is the time it takes to make a solid amount of interest like a money market account. Additionally, they do not offer the potential for capital gains, only from the interest accrued over time. Finally, if you do not have a Series I bond, you do not have sufficient protection against inflation.
Bottom Line
Bottom line: Savings bonds are an excellent investment option if you are looking for guaranteed returns by the United States government. Although it takes time to get their full benefit, they are a reliable way to save money, helping you plan for the future or pay tuition for college. You don’t have to worry about a variable interest rate, and the interest payment is always stable.
Frequently Asked Questions
Where can I purchase savings bonds?
You can purchase savings bonds online from the U.S. Department of the Treasury through their online platform, www.treasurydirect.gov. Buying from the treasury guarantees safety and security. Paper bonds can only be purchased for Series I U.S. savings bonds. Additionally, you can only pay for a paper bond using a tax return.
What is an HH savings bond?
HH savings bonds offer semi-annual interest directly to the bondholder. They were only available as a paper bond by exchanging Series EE or Series E bonds. The government discontinued them in 2004, and they are no longer available for sale. However, some HH bonds are still redeemable depending on their year of purchase.
When can I redeem my savings bonds?
Savings bonds can be redeemed after a minimum holding period, which is typically one year. However, if you redeem the bond before it is five years old, you will lose the last three months of interest as a penalty. Bonds reach their full face value at maturity, which is usually 20 to 30 years from the issue date.
You’re likely familiar with the story of Robinhood, the outlaw who stole money from the rich and gave it to the poor. Well, you’ll find a similar principle behind the investing app, Robinhood.
The founders of Robinhood aren’t stealing anything, but they do believe that the current financial system doesn’t benefit every American. For that reason, they make it easy for non-traditional investors to get started.
When you sign up for Robinhood, you get access to commission-free trades, a cash management account, and a lot more. Keep reading to learn more about the pros and cons of signing up for Robinhood, as well as whom the app is best for.
Introduction to Robinhood
Robinhood is a popular investing app that allows users to trade stocks, options, exchange-traded funds (ETFs), and even cryptocurrencies without paying any commission fees. It was founded in 2013 and has since grown to over 22 million users, disrupting the financial industry.
The app is designed to cater to non-traditional investors and make the financial system more accessible to everyone. In this Robinhood review, we’ll explore its features, pros and cons, and determine who it’s best suited for.
How does Robinhood work?
When you sign up for a Robinhood account, you’ll get your first stock for free, even if you don’t deposit any funds. Signing up for an account is easy. All you have to do is enter your name, email address, and create a password.
From there, you’ll be prompted to enter more personal information, like your address and Social Security Number. Robinhood is required by federal law to request this information.
After you’ve set up your brokerage account, you’ll outline your investing experience thus far. And to go forward, you will need to fund your account at this point. However, there’s no minimum deposit required to fund the account, so you can always start small and invest more later.
You can connect your bank account to the Robinhood app to make funding your account easier. And there are no fees for transferring money in and out of your account.
Get started with Robinhood
on Robinhood’s secure website
Robinhood’s User Interface and Ease of Use
User-friendly interface: One of the key selling points of Robinhood is its simple, user-friendly interface. Both the web and mobile versions of the app have been designed to make it easy for users to navigate and trade. The intuitive design allows users to quickly understand their account, monitor their investments, and execute trades with minimal hassle.
Account setup and verification: Setting up an account with Robinhood is a straightforward process. Users can sign up with just their name, email address, and a password. Further personal information, such as address and Social Security number, is required due to federal law. Once the account is set up, users can outline their investing experience and link their bank account for easy funding.
Diving Deeper into Robinhood’s Features
Robinhood offers several features that make it stand out from other investing apps:
Zero commissions: As mentioned earlier, Robinhood has been a pioneer in offering commission-free trading on stocks, options, ETFs, and cryptocurrencies. This feature has helped democratize investing and lower the barriers to entry for non-traditional investors.
Cryptocurrency trading: Robinhood is among the few investing apps that support cryptocurrency trading. Users can trade popular cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin, Ethereum, Litecoin, and Dogecoin. This added functionality allows users to diversify their investments within a single platform.
Mobile app: Robinhood’s mobile app is highly regarded for its ease of use and clean design. Users can quickly view their portfolio, monitor market news, and execute trades on the go.
Account notifications: Users can customize their notification settings to receive alerts about their account performance, significant price movements, and other relevant information.
Daily market updates: Robinhood’s news feed provides users with daily updates on market trends, economic news, and other developments that can impact their investments. This helps users stay informed and make better investment decisions.
Exploring Additional Robinhood Features and Aspects
In addition to the features already discussed, Robinhood offers various other aspects that make it an attractive choice for investors. Let’s dive into some of these additional features and see how they can benefit users.
Extended-hours trading
Robinhood allows users to participate in extended-hours trading, which includes pre-market and after-hours trading sessions. This feature gives investors the opportunity to act on news and events that happen outside of standard market hours, potentially capitalizing on price movements before the broader market reacts.
Options trading
Robinhood offers options trading, which involves buying and selling contracts that give investors the right, but not the obligation, to buy or sell a stock at a specific price within a specified period. This feature enables users to implement more sophisticated trading strategies and potentially profit from market volatility, while also providing the flexibility to manage risk according to their preferences.
Dividend Reinvestment Program (DRIP)
Robinhood supports a Dividend Reinvestment Program, allowing users to automatically reinvest their dividends back into the underlying stocks or ETFs. This feature can help investors grow their portfolios more efficiently over time by harnessing the power of compounding returns, allowing them to maximize their potential earnings.
Fractional share dividend reinvestment
In addition to allowing fractional share purchases, Robinhood also enables users to reinvest dividends as fractional shares. This functionality ensures that users can continue to grow their investments, even if they don’t have enough dividends to purchase a full share, making it a valuable tool for long-term wealth accumulation.
Instant deposits
Robinhood offers instant deposits for its users, allowing them to access their transferred funds more quickly (up to $1,000). This feature ensures that users can take advantage of investment opportunities without waiting for their funds to settle, providing a more seamless investing experience.
Security and account protection
Robinhood prioritizes the security of its users’ accounts and personal information. The platform uses industry-standard encryption and security measures to protect user data. Additionally, Robinhood accounts are insured by the Securities Investor Protection Corporation (SIPC) for up to $500,000, including a $250,000 limit for cash. This protection offers users peace of mind as they navigate the world of investing.
Educational resources
Robinhood offers various educational resources, including articles and guides, to help users improve their investment knowledge and make more informed decisions. These resources can be especially beneficial for new investors looking to learn more about the world of investing, equipping them with the knowledge needed to navigate the markets confidently.
Social aspect and community
Robinhood’s platform has a social component, allowing users to follow friends, family members, or other investors and view their portfolios. This feature can create a sense of community and motivate users to learn from one another’s investment strategies, fostering collaboration and the sharing of ideas.
Benefits of Robinhood
There are several advantages to using Robinhood as your investing app of choice:
No account minimum: Robinhood requires no minimum deposit to start trading, making it accessible to users with limited funds.
Free trading: Commission-free trades on stocks, options, ETFs, and cryptocurrencies helps users save on trading costs.
Cash management account: Robinhood offers a cash management account with a 1.50% APY on uninvested cash, no hidden fees, and a debit card issued by Sutton Bank.
Fractional shares: Users can invest in fractional shares of thousands of stocks, allowing them to build a diversified portfolio with minimal investment.
Drawbacks of Robinhood
Despite its numerous benefits, there are a few drawbacks to using Robinhood:
Limited account types: Robinhood only supports individual taxable accounts, so users looking to open other types of brokerage accounts will need to explore other platforms.
Limited trading tools: Robinhood’s research and trading tools are relatively basic compared to those offered by other online brokers.
Minimal customer support: Customer support is primarily available through a chatbot and FAQ page, which may not be sufficient for users with more complex queries.
Get started with Robinhood
on Robinhood’s secure website
Robinhood Gold: Premium Features for Advanced Investors
Robinhood Gold is a subscription-based premium service that offers a suite of advanced features designed for more experienced investors. By upgrading to Robinhood Gold, users can access the following benefits:
Bigger Instant Deposits
While standard Robinhood users can access instant deposits of up to $1,000, Robinhood Gold subscribers receive instant deposits depending on their account balance. This feature allows users to invest larger amounts immediately, without waiting for their funds to settle.
Level II Market Data
Gain access to Level II market data provided by Nasdaq TotalView, which shows real-time bids and asks for stocks. This advanced market data can help users make more informed trading decisions by providing greater transparency into market activity.
Margin Trading
Robinhood Gold allows users to trade on margin, providing them with access to additional buying power by borrowing funds from Robinhood. With margin trading, users can potentially amplify their gains, but should be aware that it also increases the risk of losses. It’s essential to carefully consider the potential risks and rewards before engaging in margin trading.
Research Reports
Subscribers receive access to research reports from Morningstar, a leading provider of independent investment research. These reports can help users make more informed decisions by offering in-depth analyses of individual stocks and industries.
Access to Investing in IPOs
Robinhood Gold users have the opportunity to invest in initial public offerings (IPOs) before the stocks are listed on public exchanges. This feature allows users to potentially profit from the early stages of a company’s growth, as well as gain exposure to new and innovative industries.
The cost of Robinhood Gold is $5 per month, which includes access to all the premium features mentioned above. It’s important to note that margin trading also comes with additional fees based on the amount borrowed, so users should carefully consider the costs before utilizing this feature.
Robinhood: Ideal for New and Casual Investors
Robinhood is best suited for new investors who want an easy-to-use platform to start trading with minimal barriers to entry. It’s also an excellent choice for casual investors who prefer a more hands-off approach, as the app’s features and design make it easy to monitor investments and stay informed on market trends.
For those interested in margin trading, Robinhood Gold is an option worth considering. This premium service costs $5 per month and provides access to additional margin, ranging from $5,000 to $50,000, depending on the user’s deposit amount.
However, Robinhood may not be the best fit for individuals focused on long-term retirement savings, as it doesn’t offer retirement accounts or investment options like bonds and mutual funds. Additionally, more experienced investors seeking advanced research tools and a wider range of account types may find Robinhood’s offerings somewhat limited.
Other Considerations and Alternatives to Robinhood
While Robinhood is a popular choice for many investors, it’s essential to consider other factors and alternatives before deciding on an investing platform.
Tax implications: Investing through Robinhood’s individual taxable account means that any capital gains or dividends received will be subject to taxation. Users should be aware of the tax implications of their investments and consider seeking professional tax advice.
Risk management: Investing always carries a degree of risk, and Robinhood is no exception. It’s crucial for users to assess their risk tolerance, diversify their investments, and develop a long-term investment strategy to minimize potential losses.
Alternatives to Robinhood: There are several other investing apps and platforms available that cater to different types of investors. Some popular alternatives include:
Fidelity: A full-service brokerage offering a wide range of account types, investment options, and advanced research tools. Fidelity is ideal for more experienced investors or those looking for a more comprehensive investment platform.
M1 Finance: A robo-advisor and brokerage platform that allows users to create custom portfolios or choose from expert-curated portfolios. M1 Finance is suitable for investors who prefer a more automated approach to investing.
Acorns: A micro-investing app that rounds up users’ everyday purchases and invests the spare change into a diversified portfolio. Acorns is perfect for beginners who want to dip their toes into investing with minimal commitment.
Bottom Line
Final Thoughts on Robinhood
Robinhood is a solid option for new investors looking to explore the world of trading without paying commission fees. The user-friendly interface, zero-commission trades, and various features make it an attractive choice for casual investors or those just starting. However, more experienced investors or those with specific account needs may need to consider other brokerage platforms.
By weighing the pros and cons, potential users can decide if Robinhood is the right fit for their investment goals and preferences. With no commitment required and a free stock upon sign-up, there’s little risk in giving Robinhood a try and determining if it meets your investing needs.